Indlela Yokunqoba Izithiyo Zokusebenza
Ezweni lanamuhla lebhizinisi elisheshayo, ukusebenza okushelelayo kubalulekile ekuhlangabezaneni nesidingo samakhasimende, ukugcina ikhwalithi, kanye nokugcina inzuzo. Kodwa-ke, izinhlangano eziningi—kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ezokukhiqiza, isevisi, ezokuthengisa, noma ezisekelwe kubuchwepheshe—zivame ukubhekana nenkinga evamile: izithiyo zokusebenza. Izithiyo ziyindawo yokuphazamiseka emsebenzini obambezela ezinye izinqubo. Uma zingaxazululwa, izithiyo zingaholela ekubambezelekeni kokulethwa, izindleko ezengeziwe, ikhwalithi enciphile, kanye nokwehla kokuzimisela kweqembu. Lesi sihloko sixoxa ngendlela yokuhlonza, ukuhlaziya, kanye nokubhekana nezithiyo zokusebenza ngokuhlelekile.
Ukuqonda izithiyo: ukuthi ziyini nokuthi kungani zenzeka
Inkinga yokusebenza yenzeka lapho umthamo wesigaba esisodwa senqubo uphansi kunesinye, okubangela ukuthi umsebenzi ungahambi kahle. Isibonelo esilula: ifektri inamandla okuhlanganisa amayunithi angu-200 ngosuku, kodwa umthamo wokupakisha amayunithi angu-120 kuphela ngosuku. Ngenxa yalokho, izimpahla ziyanqwabelana endaweni yokupakisha kusengaphambili, okuholela ekubambezelekeni kokuthunyelwa.
Izimbangela zokungakhululeki ziyahlukahluka, okuhlanganisa:
1. Ukungalingani kwamandla phakathi kwezinqubo (ezinye izindawo zokusebenza zihamba kancane kakhulu).
2. Abasebenzi abambalwa (inani labantu elanele, ikhono elanele, noma ishejuli engaphansi).
3. Imishini isiphelelwe yisikhathi noma yonakala njalo okuholela ekutheni ingasebenzi isikhathi eside.
4. Izinqubo ezenziwe ngesandla ngokweqile ezingaba sezingeni elifanele noma ezizenzakalelayo.
5. Ukwehluka kwesidingo okungalindelekile ngokuhlela amandla.
6. Ihhovisi likahulumeni kanye nokuvunyelwa okuningi enqubweni yokuphatha.
7. Uhlelo lolwazi aluhlanganisiwe ukuze ukufakwa kwedatha kuphindaphindeke futhi kube namaphutha.
Ngokuqonda izimbangela eziyinhloko, izinkampani zingakhetha amasu okuthuthukisa afanele, kunokwengeza abantu noma isikhathi esengeziwe okungokwesikhashana nje.
Isinyathelo 1: Mepha ukugeleza kwenqubo ephelele
Isinyathelo sokuqala ekubhekaneni nezingqinamba ukubheka inqubo kusukela ekuqaleni kuya ekugcineni. Izingqinamba eziningi azibonakali ngoba umnyango ngamunye ugxila kuphela endaweni yawo. Sebenzisa amathuluzi anjengalawa:
– Ishadi lokugeleza kwenqubo: lichaza ukulandelana komsebenzi kusukela ekuqaleni kuze kube sekupheleni.
– Imephu Yokusakaza I-Value (VSM): imephu yezinqubo nezikhathi ze-value-added vs. ezingezona eze-value-added.
– Umdwebo we-Swimlane: ucacisa ukuthi ubani owenza ini, okuhlanganisa nokunyakaza phakathi kwamaqembu.
Uma izinqubo zihlelwe, ungabona amaphuzu omugqa, ukuphinda usebenze, noma izinyathelo ezithatha isikhathi esiningi. Lo mbhalo uphinde usize ekusunguleni ukuqonda okufanayo phakathi kwamaqembu.
Isinyathelo 2: Thola izithiyo ngedatha, hhayi ngokuqagela
Izithiyo zivame ukucatshangwa ngephutha. Isigaba esibonakala simatasa akuyona imbangela yangempela. Sebenzisa idatha elandelayo:
– Isikhathi sokujikeleza (isikhathi sokuqedela iyunithi eyodwa yomsebenzi).
– Umthamo (inani lamayunithi aqediwe ngesikhathi ngasinye).
– Umsebenzi Oqhubekayo (i-WIP) (inani lomsebenzi olindele ukucutshungulwa).
– Isikhathi sokuhola (isikhathi kusukela esicelweni kuya ekuphothulweni).
- Ukusetshenziswa (izinga lokusetshenziswa kwezinsiza).
– Isikhathi sokungasebenzi (isikhathi simisiwe ngenxa yokuphazamiseka).
Iphuzu le-bottleneck livame ukuboniswa yilokhu: isikhathi eside kakhulu somjikelezo, ukwakheka kwe-WIP ngaphambi kwaleso sigaba, kanye nomthamo ophelele olandela umthamo waleso sigaba.
Isinyathelo 3: Sebenzisa izimiso ze-Theory of Constraints (TOC)
Enye yezindlela eziphumelela kakhulu yiTheory of Constraints, egxile ezinkingeni ezibalulekile. I-TOC inezinyathelo ezinhlanu:
1. Thola imingcele (amaphuzu anciphisa kakhulu umphumela).
2. Ukuxhashazwa kwemingcele: ukwandisa umkhiqizo ngaphandle kokutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu (nciphisa ukungasebenzi, qinisekisa ukuthi izinto zilungile njalo, nciphisa ukuphazamiseka).
3. Ukuthobela ezinye izinqubo: lungisa imisebenzi yezinye izinqubo ukuze isekele imingcele, esikhundleni sokuqoqa umsebenzi.
4. Ukwenyuka kwezithiyo: uma kunganele, khulisa amandla ngokutshala imali: imishini emisha, ukuqasha, noma ukuqasha ngaphandle.
5. Phinda: ngemva kokuba umkhawulo owodwa usuxazululiwe, umkhawulo omusha uzovela kwenye indawo.
Nge-TOC, izinkampani zigwema ugibe olubizayo noludidayo "lokulungisa konke ngesikhathi esisodwa."
Isinyathelo 4: Nciphisa i-WIP futhi wenze lula uhlelo lokufaka umugqa
I-WIP eningi kakhulu yenza izinqubo zizizwe zimatasa kodwa zihamba kancane. Izinhlangano eziningi zisebenza kakhulu, zicabanga ukuthi "uma zenza okuningi, zizosheshe zikwenze." Kodwa-ke, i-WIP eningi kakhulu ikhulisa izindleko zokushintsha, yandisa izikhathi zokuhola, futhi yandisa ingozi yamaphutha.
Izixazululo ezingasetshenziswa:
– Umkhawulo we-WIP (isb. eKanban): nciphisa inani lomsebenzi ongasebenza esigabeni esisodwa.
– Okokuqala Ekuphumeni Kokuqala (i-FIFO): qinisekisa ukuthi imisebenzi iyacutshungulwa ukuze kuvinjelwe imisebenzi emidala ukuthi ingashiywa ngemuva.
– Usayizi omncane weqoqo: nciphisa ukucubungula inani elikhulu ngesikhathi esisodwa uma kungadingeki.
Ngenxa yalokho, imisebenzi ilula futhi izinkinga ezihambisana nezingqinamba kulula ukuzibona ngoba azifihlwa umsebenzi omningi.
Isinyathelo 5: Yenza umsebenzi ube ngokwejwayelekile futhi ususe ukushintshashintsha okungadingekile
Izithiyo zivame ukuvela ngoba wonke umuntu usebenza ngendlela ehlukile. Ukulinganisa akusho ukuqina, kodwa kunalokho kudala "umkhuba wamanje ongcono kakhulu" osebenza njengereferensi. Ezinye izenzo ezivamile zifaka:
- Yenza ama-SOP abe mafushane futhi kube lula ukuwasebenzisa.
– Sebenzisa uhlu lokuhlola lwezinqubo eziphindaphindwayo.
– Sebenzisa i-5S (Seiri, Seiton, Seiso, Seiketsu, Shitsuke) ukuze unciphise isikhathi sokusesha amathuluzi/amadokhumenti.
– Qhuba ukuqeqeshwa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amakhono ahlukaniswe ngokulinganayo, ikakhulukazi ezigabeni ezivame ukuba yizithiyo.
Ukulinganisa kunciphisa amaphutha, kusheshisa umsebenzi, futhi kwenza kube lula ukukala ukusebenza.
Isinyathelo 6: Lungiselela amashejuli, amashifu, kanye nokwabiwa kwabasebenzi
Ngezinye izikhathi inkinga ayibangelwa ukuntuleka kwabantu, kodwa ibangelwa ukwabiwa okungafanele. Hlaziya:
– Kwenzeka nini umthwalo womsebenzi omkhulu kakhulu (ihora, usuku, isizini)?
– Yimaphi amaqembu agcwele ngokweqile futhi yimaphi angasetshenziswa kahle?
– Ingabe zikhona “izindawo ezimatasa” lapho izisebenzi ezinamakhono ahlukahlukene zingasiza khona?
Izixazululo ezisebenzayo:
– Ukuqeqeshwa okuhlukahlukene ukuze abasebenzi bakwazi ukusiza ngezinkinga lapho imigqa ikhula.
- Ukuhlela okuguqukayo okusekelwe kudatha yesidingo.
- Ukulungiswa kwesikhashana ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nokusalela emuva ngaphandle kwesikhathi esengeziwe.
Lokhu kusebenza kangcono kunokwengeza inani labasebenzi elihlala njalo elingadingeki unyaka wonke.
Isinyathelo 7: Thuthukisa ukuthembeka komshini nohlelo (ukugcinwa nobuchwepheshe be-IT)
Emisebenzini esekelwe emshinini noma ezinhlelweni zedijithali, isikhathi sokungasebenzi siyinkinga evamile kakhulu. Amasu okuthuthukisa afaka:
– Ukulungiswa kokuvimbela: uhlelo lokulungisa olujwayelekile ukuze kuvinjelwe umonakalo ongazelelwe.
– Ukulungiswa kokubikezela: sebenzisa izinzwa nedatha ukubikezela ukwehluleka.
- Ukuqinisa izinhlelo ze-IT: ukuhlanganiswa kwedatha, ukunciphisa ukufakwa okuphindaphindiwe, ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwezinhlelo zokusebenza ezivame ukuhamba kancane.
Ukutshala imali ekuthembekeni kuvame ukuba nomthelela omkhulu ngokunciphisa ukuphazamiseka okungabonakali kodwa okudla isikhathi.
Isinyathelo 8: Cabanga ngokuzenzakalelayo kanye nokunikeza abanye abantu imisebenzi ngokukhetha
Ukuzenzakalela kungaba yimpumelelo enkulu, kodwa kumele kwenziwe ngesikhathi esifanele. Umgomo uwukuthi: ukwenza ngokuzenzakalelayo izinqubo ezizinzile nezijwayelekile, hhayi lezo ezisaphazamisekile. Izinketho okufanele uzicabangele:
- Ukuzenzakalela kokufakwa kwedatha ngokuhlanganiswa kwesistimu noma i-RPA.
- Ukusetshenziswa kwezinsiza zokukhiqiza ukusheshisa izigaba ezithile.
– Ukunikeza abanye abantu ezinye izinqubo ezingezona amakhono ayinhloko, ikakhulukazi lapho isidingo sishintshashintsha.
Kodwa-ke, qiniseka ukuthi ukuzenzakalela akususi inkinga kwenye indawo ngaphandle kokuxazulula imbangela eyinhloko.
Isiphetho
Ukubhekana nezingqinamba zokusebenza kudinga indlela eqhutshwa idatha, hhayi ukusabela okungaqondakali njengokuqhubeka kwesikhathi esengeziwe. Qala ngokuhlela inqubo, ukuhlonza izithiyo ezibalulekile, ukunciphisa i-WIP, ukwenza umsebenzi ube ngokwejwayelekile, kanye nokwenza ngcono amandla. Sebenzisa uhlaka olufana ne-Theory of Constraints ukuqinisekisa ukuthi intuthuko igxile emaphuzwini amaningi anciphisa ukuphumelela. Lapho izingqinamba zixazululwa ngendlela ehlelekile, izinkampani zithola izinzuzo ezibonakalayo: izikhathi zokuhola ezimfushane, izindleko ezilawulekayo, ikhwalithi ethuthukisiwe, kanye namakhasimende anelisekile kakhudlwana.
Uma ungathanda, ngingahlela lesi sihloko ngokwesimo sebhizinisi esithile (isb., ukukhiqiza, indawo yokugcina impahla/izinto zokwakha, isevisi yamakhasimende, isibhedlela, noma ithimba lesofthiwe), kuhlanganiswe nezifundo ezithile kanye nezinkomba ze-KPI.
