Ukuqonda Izimakethe Zezimali kanye Namasheya
Izimakethe zezimali kanye nezimakethe zamasheya ziyizinto ezimbili ezibalulekile zesimiso sezimali sanamuhla ezinomthelela omkhulu emnothweni womhlaba. Lesi sihloko sizoxoxa ngezinto eziyisisekelo zezimakethe zezimali kanye nezimakethe zamasheya, indlela ezisebenza ngayo, kanye nendima yazo kanye nomthelela wazo emnothweni.
Incazelo yeMakethe Yezimali
Imakethe yezimali iyindlela elula yokuthenga nokuthengisa izinsimbi zezimali ezahlukahlukene zesikhathi eside, njengezitoko, amabhondi, nezinye izinto ezitholakalayo. Ngemakethe yezimali, izinkampani nohulumeni bangathola imali kubatshalizimali ukuze baxhase imisebenzi, ukukhulisa, noma amaphrojekthi okuthuthukisa. Imakethe yezimali yakhiwa yimakethe eyinhloko kanye nemakethe yesibili.
1. Imakethe Eyinhloko: Kule makethe, amathuluzi ezezimali athengiswa okokuqala kubatshalizimali. Le nqubo yaziwa ngokuthi umnikelo wokuqala womphakathi (i-IPO) wamasheya amasha noma izinkinga zamabhondi. Izinkampani ezifisa ukudalulwa emphakathini zisebenzisa imakethe eyinhloko njengendlela yokuthola imali emphakathini ngokuthengisa amasheya noma amabhondi.
2. Imakethe Yesibili: Ngemva kokuthengwa kwezinsimbi zezimali emakethe eyinhloko, zingathengiswa emakethe yesibili. Lapha, amasheya namabhondi kuthengiswa phakathi kwabatshalizimali ngaphandle kokubandakanya umkhiphi wensimbi yezezimali. I-Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) iyisibonelo esisodwa semakethe yesibili e-Indonesia.
Izinhlobo Zezinto Zokusebenza Zemakethe Yezimali
Imakethe yezimali inikeza izinhlobo ezahlukene zezinsimbi zezimali ezingathengiswa, ezinye zazo yilezi:
1. Amasheya: Amasheya awuphawu lobunikazi bengxenye yenhloko-dolobha yenkampani. Abanikazi bamasheya banelungelo lokuthola ingxenye yenzuzo yenkampani ngendlela yezabelo futhi banamalungelo okuvota emihlanganweni yabanikazi bamasheya.
2. Amabhondi: Amabhondi ayizinto zesikweletu zesikhathi eside ezikhishwa izinkampani noma ohulumeni. Abanini bamabhondi banelungelo lokuthola izinkokhelo zenzalo ngezikhathi ezithile kanye nokubuyiselwa kwemali eyinhloko lapho isivuthwa.
3. Izimali Zokubambisana: Izimali Zokubambisana ziyindlela esetshenziselwa ukuqoqa izimali kubatshalizimali ukuze zitshalwe ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene zezinsiza zezimali ngabaphathi bezimali.
4. Ama-Derivatives: Amathuluzi e-Derivatives yimikhiqizo yezezimali enenani elitholakala ezimpahleni eziyisisekelo ezifana namasheya, amabhondi, ama-indices, noma izimpahla. Izibonelo zama-derivatives zifaka phakathi izinketho kanye nekusasa.
Incazelo Yesitoko
Isitoko siyiyunithi yobunikazi enkampanini enika umnikazi wayo (umnikazi wamasheya) isabelo senzuzo yenkampani kanye nelungelo lokuvota ezinqumweni ezibalulekile zenkampani. Amasheya angahlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko:
1. I-Common Stock: Abanikazi bamasheya avamile banamalungelo okuvota emihlanganweni yabanikazi bamasheya futhi banelungelo lokuthola izinzuzo ezisatshalaliswa ngenzuzo ngemva kokuba izinzuzo zikhokhelwe abanikazi bamasheya abathandwayo. I-common stock iphinde inikeze abanikazi izinzuzo ezinkulu ezivela ekwenyukeni kwamanani amasheya kanye nengozi yokulahlekelwa uma intengo yesitoko yehla.
2. Isitoko Esithandwayo: Abanikazi bamasheya abathandwayo ngokuvamile abanamalungelo okuvota, kodwa banezinto ezibalulekile ekukhokheni izabelo kanye nokuvalwa kwezimpahla uma kwenzeka ukuqothuka kwenkampani. Izabelo zesitoko ezikhethwayo zivame ukuba zikhulu futhi zikhokhwe ngesilinganiso esinqunyiwe.
Indlela Yokuhweba Ngesitoko
Ukuhweba ngamasheya kwenzeka ezindaweni zokushintshanisa amasheya njenge-Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX), i-New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), noma i-Nasdaq. Nazi ezinye zezinyathelo eziyinhloko zokuhweba ngamasheya:
1. Ukuvula i-Akhawunti: Ukuze bahwebe ngamasheya, abatshalizimali kumele baqale bavule i-akhawunti enkampanini yezibambiso noma ngeplatifomu yokuhweba eku-inthanethi ebhaliswe futhi iqondiswe yigunya lemakethe yezimali.
2. Ukubekwa Kwe-oda: Abatshalizimali bangathenga noma bathengise amasheya ngokubeka i-oda ngomthengisi wabo. Leli-oda lingaba yi-oda lemakethe, i-oda elinqunyelwe, noma i-stop order, kuye ngokuthi isu lokuhweba lisetshenzisiwe.
3. Ukwenziwa Kwe-oda: Umthengisi uzothumela i-oda endaweni yokushintshanisa ukuze lisetshenziswe. Ama-oda aqhutshwa ngokwesisekelo sokufika kuqala, esikhonzwa kuqala ngentengo engcono kakhulu emakethe etholakalayo.
4. Ukukhokhelwa Kwentengiselwano: Uma i-oda seliphelile, ukukhokhelwa kwentengiselwano kwenzeka ezinsukwini ezimbalwa zebhizinisi (ngokuvamile i-T+2) lapho amasheya edluliselwa kwi-akhawunti yomthengi bese imali idluliselwa kwi-akhawunti yomthengisi.
Indima kanye nomthelela wezimakethe ezinkulu emnothweni
Imakethe yezimali inendima ebalulekile emnothweni, okuhlanganisa:
1. Umthombo Wezimali: Imakethe yezimali inikeza umthombo wezimali ezinkampanini kanye nohulumeni ukuze baxhase amaphrojekthi esikhathi eside, okungakhuthaza ukukhula komnotho.
2. Ukutshalwa Kwezimali Komphakathi: Imakethe yezimali inikeza izinhlobo ezahlukene zezindlela zokutshala imali ezitholakala emphakathini jikelele. Lokhu kuvumela abantu ukuthi batshale imali yabo egciniwe ngethemba lokuthola inzuzo ephezulu kunaleyo etholakala emabhange.
3. Ukusatshalaliswa Kwengcebo: Ngokunikeza umphakathi ithuba lokuba nesabelo senkampani, imakethe yezimali iyasiza ekwabiweni kabusha kwengcebo futhi yandisa ukubamba iqhaza komphakathi kwezomnotho.
4. Ukucaca Nokuziphendulela: Imakethe yezimali elawulwayo neqondiswayo idinga izinkampani ezisohlwini ukuba zilandele amazinga aphezulu okucaca nokuphendula. Lokhu kuvikela abatshalizimali nokugcina ubuqotho bemakethe.
5. Izinkomba Zezomnotho: Ukunyakaza kwentengo yesitoko kanye nomthamo wokuhweba ezimakethe zezimali kuvame ukubhekwa njengezinkomba zempilo yezomnotho iyonke. Ukwenyuka kwenkomba yemakethe yesitoko ngokuvamile kuchazwa njengophawu lokuqiniseka kwabatshalizimali ekukhuleni komnotho, kanti ukwehla kungabonisa ukukhathazeka ngezimo zomnotho.
Izingozi Nezinselele Ezimakethe Zezimali
Nakuba izimakethe zezimali zinikeza izinzuzo eziningi, kukhona nezingozi nezinselele okufanele uziqaphele:
1. Ukuguquguquka: Imakethe yezimali iyaziwa ngokuguquguquka. Amanani esitoko angashintshashintsha kakhulu ngesikhathi esifushane, okungabangela inzuzo noma ukulahlekelwa okukhulu kubatshalizimali.
2. Ingozi Yemakethe: Le ngozi ihlobene namathuba okulahlekelwa ngenxa yokunyakaza okubi emakethe iyonke. Izici ezifana nokushintsha kwamazinga enzalo, izinqubomgomo zikahulumeni, kanye nezimo zomnotho womhlaba wonke zingathinta imakethe yezimali.
3. Ingozi Yesikweletu: Ihlobene nokwenzeka kokuthi umkhiphi webhondi ahluleke ukukhokha inzalo noma i-principal. Lokhu kuthinta kakhulu imakethe yebhondi, kodwa amasheya ezinkampani ezinezikweletu ezinkulu nawo angathinteka.
4. Ingozi Yokungakwazi Ukukhokha Imali: Lokhu kwenzeka lapho ithuluzi lezezimali kunzima ukulithengisa ngaphandle kokunciphisa kakhulu intengo yalo. Le ngozi iphakeme kakhulu kumasheya ezinkampani ezincane noma amathuluzi ezezimali angathandwa kakhulu.
5. Ingozi Ehlelekile: Lapho ukushaqeka emkhakheni wezezimali kungasakazeka futhi kuthinte umnotho wonkana, njengoba kwenzeka enkingeni yezezimali yomhlaba wonke ka-2008.
Isiphetho
Izimakethe zemali kanye namasheya zidlala indima ebalulekile emnothweni womhlaba ngokuhlinzeka ngezindlela zokuqoqa imali kanye nokunikeza amathuba okutshala imali. Ukuqonda izindlela zemakethe yemali, izinhlobo zezinsimbi ezithengiswayo, kanye nezingozi ezihambisana nazo kungasiza abatshalizimali ukuthi benze izinqumo ezingcono futhi basebenzise inzuzo engaba khona ngenkathi kunciphisa ubungozi. Kubalulekile njalo ukwenza ucwaningo nokubonisana nochwepheshe wezezimali ngaphambi kokuzibandakanya emisebenzini yokuhweba ngemakethe yemali.
