Ukukhetha phakathi kokutshala imali okusebenzayo nokungasebenzisi imali
Ezweni lezezimali lanamuhla, izinketho zokutshala imali ziyahlukahluka kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, cishe wonke amasu okutshala imali ekugcineni angahlukaniswa ngezindlela ezimbili ezibanzi: ukutshala imali okusebenzayo kanye nokutshala imali okungenamsebenzi. Nakuba zombili zihlose ukukhulisa ingcebo, ziyahlukahluka ngezindlela zokwenza izinqumo, izindleko, izinga lokubandakanyeka kwabatshalizimali, kanye nezinzuzo ezingaba khona kanye nezingozi. Ukuqonda umehluko phakathi kwalokhu okubili kubalulekile ekukhetheni isu elifanelana kahle nemigomo yakho, isikhathi, kanye nobuntu bomtshalizimali.
Kuyini ukutshala imali okusebenzayo?
Ukutshala imali okusebenzayo kuyindlela lapho abatshalizimali—kungaba ngabanye noma ngabaphathi bezimali—bekhetha khona ngenkuthalo amathuluzi okutshala imali ngenhloso yokwenza kahle kakhulu emakethe. Abatshalizimali abasebenzayo bavame ukwenza ukuhlaziywa okujulile kwezinkampani, imikhakha, izimo zomnotho omkhulu, ukulinganisa, izitayela, kanye nezinye izinkomba ezahlukahlukene ukuze banqume ukuthi bazothenga noma bathengise nini izimpahla.
Izibonelo zokutshalwa kwezimali okusebenzayo zifaka:
– Ukukhetha amasheya athile ngokusekelwe ekuhlaziyweni okuyisisekelo noma kobuchwepheshe.
– Yenza ukuhweba kwesikhashana ukuze usizakale ngokushintsha kwentengo.
- Izimali ezisebenzisanayo ezisebenzayo eziphethwe abaphathi bezimali ukuze zizame ukwenza kangcono kunenkomba yokulinganisa.
Inzuzo eyinhloko yokutshala imali okusebenzayo yithuba lokukhiqiza imbuyiselo ephezulu kunemakethe, ikakhulukazi uma abatshalizimali bekwazi ukuhlonza amasheya noma izimpahla ezintengo yazo emakethe ezingakabonakali inani lazo langempela. Kodwa-ke, leli thuba liza nezinselele: ukunqoba imakethe njalo akulula, ikakhulukazi ngemva kokubala izindleko.
Kuyini ukutshala imali ngaphandle kokusebenzisa imali?
Ukutshala imali ngokungasebenzisi izindlela ezithile kuyisu lapho abatshalizimali bezama ukulingisa ukusebenza kwemakethe ethile noma inkomba, kunokuba bayinqobe. Esikhundleni sokukhetha amasheya ngamanye, abatshalizimali abangasebenzisi izindlela ezithile bathenga iphothifoliyo emele inkomba, njengenkomba ye-blue-chip noma inkomba yemakethe ebanzi.
Izibonelo zokutshalwa kwezimali okungenamsebenzi zifaka:
- Thenga izikhwama ze-mutual index.
– Thenga i-ETF (i-Exchange Traded Fund) elandela inkomba.
– Yakha iphothifoliyo yesikhathi eside “yokuthenga nokugcina” enokwehlukahluka okubanzi kanye nokuthengiselana okuncane.
Izinzuzo zokutshala imali ngokunganaki ukuthi kulula, ngokuvamile izindleko eziphansi, ukuhlukahluka okukhulu, kanye nokulandelela ukukhula kwemakethe okuqhubekayo esikhathini eside. Abatshalizimali abanganaki bayakwamukela ukuthi izimakethe zivame ukusebenza kahle, okwenza kube ngokoqobo ukufeza "inzuzo yemakethe" kunokuzinqoba njalo.
Umehluko obalulekile: inhloso, inqubo, kanye nezindleko
Omunye wemimehluko esobala kakhulu phakathi kokutshala imali okusebenzayo nokungasebenzisi imali yinhloso. Ukutshala imali okusebenzayo kuhlose ukunqoba imakethe, kanti ukutshala imali okungenzi mali kuhlose ukulandela imakethe.
Ngokombono wenqubo, abatshalizimali abasebenzayo bazokwenza okulandelayo:
– Ukuthengiselana okuvamile (ukuthenga/ukuthengisa).
– Beka isikhathi sokucwaninga.
- Ukuthembela kumasu emakethe, amamodeli, noma ukuqonda.
Ngenkathi abatshalizimali abangenzi lutho bezokwenza lokhu:
– Khetha imikhiqizo yenkomba.
– Ukubamba izimali isikhathi eside.
- Ukugxila kakhulu ekongeni isiyalo kanye nokwabiwa kwempahla.
Ngokuphathelene nezindleko, ukutshala imali okusebenzayo kuvame ukubiza kakhulu. Lezi zindleko zingafaka:
– Izimali zokuphatha ziphezulu kakhulu kuma-mutual funds asebenzayo.
– Izimali zokuthengiselana zomthengisi.
– Intela engaba khona ezinzuzweni zesikhathi esifushane (kuye ngokuthi imithethonqubo kanye nezinsimbi).
Ukutshala imali ngokunganaki ngokuvamile kunciphisa izindleko ngenxa yokushintshashintsha kwephothifoliyo okuphansi kanye nokuphathwa okulula. Esikhathini eside, ngisho nomehluko omncane ezindleleni ungaba nomthelela omkhulu enzuzweni iyonke ngenxa yomphumela ohlangene.
Ingozi kanye nokuguquguquka: ubani “oyingozi kakhulu”?
Kokubili ukutshalwa kwezimali okusebenzayo kanye nokungasebenzisi lutho kunezingozi, kodwa imithombo yezingozi ingahluka.
Ekutshalweni kwezimali okusebenzayo, izingozi zifaka:
– Ingozi yesinqumo: ukukhetha amasheya amabi noma isikhathi esingalungile.
– Ukusebenza kusalele emuva emakethe (ukusebenza kahle), ikakhulukazi ngemva kwezindleko.
– Ukucwasa ngokwengqondo, njengokuzethemba ngokweqile, ukuthengisa ngokwesaba, noma i-FOMO (ukwesaba ukuphuthelwa).
Ekutshalweni kwezimali okungenamsebenzi, izingozi zihlobene kakhulu nalokhu:
– Ingozi yemakethe iyonke: uma inkomba yehla, iphothifoliyo yehla.
– Ukuguquguquka okulinganiselwe: akukho mzamo wokuzivikela wokugwema amasheya athile ku-index.
– Ukugxiliswa kwezinkomba ezithile: ezinye izinkomba zingaba nzima emikhakheni ethile noma ezinkampanini ezithile.
Empeleni, ukutshala imali ngokunganaki kuvame ukubhekwa “njengokuphephile” ngenxa yokwehlukahlukana, kodwa lokho akusho ukuthi akunawo amandla okwehla kwenani. Nakuba ukutshala imali okusebenzayo kungaletha imbuyiselo ephezulu, futhi kusengozini enkulu yamaphutha amaqhinga nangokomzwelo.
Ukusebenza: ingabe i-active inganqoba ngempela i-passive?
Umbuzo othandwa kakhulu uthi: yiliphi isu elinenzuzo kakhulu? Impendulo ayilula njengokuthi "ukusebenza njalo kuyawina" noma "ukungasebenzi kuhlala kungcono." Ngokombono, abaphathi abasebenzayo banganqoba inkomba - futhi abanye bayanqoba. Kodwa-ke, ngokwezibalo, izifundo eziningi zibonisa ukuthi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, abaphathi abaningi abasebenzayo bayahluleka ukwenza kahle kakhulu kunenkomba ngemuva kokubala izimali.
Kunezizathu eziningana:
– Imakethe iya ngokuya incintisana: ulwazi lusakazeka ngokushesha.
– Izindleko ezisebenzayo zinciphisa inzuzo.
– Ukungaguquguquki kunzima: ukunqoba imakethe kanye kungenzeka, kodwa ukukwenza eminyakeni engaphezu kweyi-10-20 kuyinselele enkulu.
Kodwa-ke, ukutshala imali okusebenzayo kusalokhu kubalulekile, isibonelo ezimakethe ezingasebenzi kahle, ezitokisini ezithile ezincane, noma ngamasu akhethekile njengokutshala imali ngenani, i-arbitrage, kanye nezindlela zezihloko ezingaphindwa kalula yizinkomba.
Izinto okufanele uzicabangele lapho ukhetha: ubani okufanelekelayo?
Ukukhetha phakathi kokutshala imali okusebenzayo nokungasebenzisi imali kufanele kucatshangelwe lezi zinto ezilandelayo:
1. Isikhathi kanye nentshisekelo
Uma ujabulela ukuhlaziywa kwesitoko, ukulandela izindaba zezomnotho, futhi unesikhathi sokuqapha izimakethe, ukutshala imali okusebenzayo kungaba inketho. Kodwa-ke, uma umatasa futhi ufuna isu elilula, ukutshala imali okungenzi lutho ngokuvamile kufaneleka kakhulu.
2. Izinhloso zokutshalwa kwezimali
Ngemigomo yesikhathi eside njengomhlalaphansi noma imfundo yabantwana, isu elihlala njalo elingashintshi livame ukusebenza kahle. Ngemigomo yesikhathi esifushane noma eqagelwayo, abanye abatshalizimali bakhetha ukutshala imali okusebenzayo—naphezu kwengozi enkulu.
3. Ukubekezelelana nezingozi
Abatshalizimali abangakhululekile ngokushintshashintsha noma ingozi yokungasebenzi kahle ngenxa yezinqumo ezimbi bavame ukufanelana kangcono nendlela yokungenzi lutho. Abatshalizimali abazimisele ukwamukela ukungaqiniseki okukhulu ukuze bathole inzuzo ephezulu bangase bathambekele endleleni esebenzayo.
4. Ulwazi kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho
Ukutshala imali ngenkuthalo kudinga ikhono, ukuzithiba, kanye nokuqonda ukuphathwa kwezingozi. Ngaphandle kwakho, kungaba yinto nje yokuqagela.
5. Izindleko kanye nokusebenza kahle
Uma izindleko ziyinkinga eyinhloko, ukutshala imali ngaphandle kokusebenzisa imali kuvame ukuba ngcono. Abatshalizimali abaningi abaqapheli ukuthi imali yonyaka engu-1-2% inganciphisa kakhulu inzuzo eminyakeni engama-20-30.
Inketho yesithathu: inhlanganisela ye-active kanye ne-passive
Akudingeki ukhethe eyodwa noma enye. Abatshalizimali abaningi basebenzisa inhlanganisela yamasu, isibonelo:
– Tshala iningi lezimali kuphothifoliyo engenzi lutho (eyinhloko) njengenkomba yemakethe ebanzi.
– Beka eceleni ingxenye encane yamasu asebenzayo (esathelayithi), isibonelo ukukhetha amasheya amaningana ahamba phambili noma imikhakha ethile.
Le ndlela "ye-core-satellite" ikuvumela ukuthi uthole ukuzinza kanye nezindleko eziphansi zokutshala imali ngaphandle kokusebenzisa imali, ngenkathi usenesikhala sokuphishekela amathuba ngokutshala imali okusebenzayo. Isihluthulelo ukuzithiba ekunqumeni amazinga obungozi kanye nemikhawulo, ukuze ukutshala imali okusebenzayo kungabusi iphothifoliyo yakho ngokomzwelo.
Isiphetho
Ukutshala imali okusebenzayo nokungasebenzisi nzuzo kokubili kunezinzuzo nokungasizi. Ukutshala imali okusebenzayo kunikeza ithuba lokunqoba imakethe, kodwa kudinga isikhathi esiningi nekhono, kuthwala izindleko eziphakeme, futhi kuthwala ingozi yokungasebenzi kahle. Ukutshala imali okungenzi nzuzo kunikeza ubulula, ukuhlukahluka, kanye nezindleko eziphansi, kodwa inzuzo izolandela ukuguquguquka kwemakethe ngaphandle komzamo okhethekile wokunciphisa izingozi ezimbi.
Ukukhetha okungcono kakhulu yileyo efanelana kahle nephrofayili yakho: imigomo yezezimali, ukubekezelela ubungozi, ulwazi, kanye nendlela yokuphila. Uma ungabaza, ukuqala ngendlela ehlukahlukene yokungenzi lutho ngokuvamile kuwukuhlakanipha, bese uhlola kancane kancane amasu asebenzayo ngezingxenye ezincane njengoba uthola ulwazi. Ngesu elifanele kanye nokungaguquguquki, ukutshala imali kungaba ithuluzi eliphumelelayo lokwakha ikusasa lezezimali eliphephile kakhudlwana.
