Izimiso Eziyisisekelo Zokwakhiwa Kwemikhumbi
Ukwakhiwa kwemikhumbi yempi kuwumkhakha wesayensi nobunjiniyela obhekana nokuklama, ukwakhiwa, kanye nokusebenza kwemikhumbi nezakhiwo ezintantayo. Umgomo wayo oyinhloko ukudala imikhumbi ephephile, esebenza kahle, eqinile, ezinzile, futhi efanela izidingo zokusebenza—kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iyimikhumbi yabadayisi, imikhumbi yabagibeli, imikhumbi yempi, noma imikhumbi ekhethekile njengemikhumbi yocwaningo nemikhumbi yasogwini. Ukuze kufezwe le migomo, ukwakhiwa kwemikhumbi yempi kuncike ezimisweni eziningana eziyisisekelo ezihlobene: ukuntanta, ukuzinza, ukumelana nokushukuma, amandla esakhiwo, ukwakheka kanye nomsebenzi, kanye nezici zokuphepha kanye nokulawula. Lesi sihloko sifingqa lezi zimiso eziyinhloko njengesisekelo sokuqonda ukuthi umkhumbi “ungaphila” kanjani futhi usebenze kanjani olwandle.
1. Isimiso Sokuqina Nokukhuthazeka Kwama-Archimedes
Isimiso esiyisisekelo emikhunjini ukuntanta. Imikhumbi iyantanta ngoba amandla aphezulu asetshenziswa amanzi (ukuntanta) alinganisa isisindo somkhumbi. Ngokomzimba, lokhu kuchazwa yiSimiso sika-Archimedes: into ecwiliswe oketshezini ithola amandla aphezulu alingana nesisindo soketshezi olususiwe.
Uma kukhulunywa ngomkhumbi, umthamo ongaphansi kwamanzi wesikebhe ususa inani elithile lamanzi. Uma isisindo somkhumbi sikhuphuka (isibonelo, ngenxa yemithwalo), sizocwila sijule, sandise umthamo wamanzi asusiwe kuze kube yilapho amandla okuhamba ephinda alingane nesisindo somkhumbi. Lesi simo sihlobene nemibono yokufuduka (isisindo samanzi asusiwe), ukudonsa (ukuphakama okudonswayo/okucwiliswe emanzini), kanye nebhodi elikhululekile (ukuphakama kwedekhi ngaphezu komugqa wamanzi). Abaklami bemikhumbi kumele baqinisekise ukuthi ibhodi elikhululekile elanele lokuphepha emagagasini ngenkathi begcina ukudonsa kufanelekela ukujula kwechweba kanye nendlela.
2. Ukuzinza: Amandla omkhumbi okubuyela endaweni yawo eqondile.
Ukuntanta kukodwa akwanele; umkhumbi kumele futhi uzinze. Ukuzinza yikhono lomkhumbi lokubuyela endaweni eqondile ngemva kokufakwa ohlwini ngenxa yomoya, amagagasi, ukushintsha kwempahla, noma ukuhamba. Ukuzinza kuthonywa ubudlelwano phakathi kwesikhungo samandla adonsela phansi (G) kanye nesikhungo sokuntanta (B), kanye nesikhungo se-metacenter (M), iphuzu eliyinkolelo-mbono elihambisana noshintsho esikhungweni sokuntanta lapho umkhumbi ufakwa ohlwini.
Indlela elula evame ukusetshenziswa ukuphakama okungagxili (GM), ibanga eliphakathi kuka-G no-M. Uma i-GM ilungile futhi inkulu ngokwanele, umkhumbi uvame ukuzinza futhi uqonde ngokushesha (uqine). Kodwa-ke, uma inkulu kakhulu, ukunyakaza kokuzamazama kungaba bukhali futhi kungakhululeki kubagibeli futhi kwandise umthwalo esakhiweni. Uma i-GM incane, umkhumbi uba "othambile," uhamba kancane kodwa unengozi enkulu yokufakwa ohlwini. Uma i-GM ingalungile, umkhumbi awuzinzile futhi unamandla okugumbuqela.
Ukuzinza kuhlukaniswe futhi ngokuqina kokuqala (ukuzinza kwe-engeli encane) kanye nokuqina kwe-engeli enkulu. Ezimweni zangempela, abaklami babheka ijika le-GZ (righting lever), elichaza ikhono lomkhumbi lokuma ngakwesokudla ema-engeli ahlukahlukene okuthambekela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umphumela wobuso obukhululekile ematangini agcwele ingxenye ubalulekile: uketshezi oluhamba ngokukhululeka lungaphakamisa isikhungo esisebenzayo samandla adonsela phansi futhi lunciphise ukuzinza. Ngakho-ke, ukwakheka nokusebenza kwamatangi (i-ballast, uphethiloli, amanzi ahlanzekile) kumele kuphathwe ngokucophelela.
3. Ama-Hydrostatics kanye nesimo sesisu
I-Hydrostatics ihlola ukulingana komkhumbi emanzini uma umile noma uhamba kancane kakhulu. Lokhu kunquma imingcele efana nokufuduka, isikhungo sokuhamba, indawo yendiza yamanzi, kanye nama-coefficients okwakheka njenge-block coefficient (Cb). Ukuma kwe-hull kuthinta umthamo womthwalo, ukuzinza, kanye nekhono lomkhumbi lokuhamba ngamagagasi.
Ngokuvamile, ama-shell "agcwele" (i-Cb ephezulu) afanelekela imikhumbi emikhulu yempahla kanye nemikhumbi yamathangi ngoba athwala kahle imithwalo eminingi yempahla. Ama-shell "ancane" (i-Cb ephansi) afanelekela imikhumbi esheshayo ngoba anokumelana okuncane. Kodwa-ke, ama-shell amancane ngokuvamile anesikhala esincane sempahla futhi adinga ukunakwa okwengeziwe ekuzinzeni nasekuhambeni kalula.
4. Ukumelana Nokuqhutshwa
Uma umkhumbi uhamba ngomkhumbi, umkhumbi ubhekene nokumelana kwamanzi nomoya. Ukumelana okuphelele kuhlanganisa izingxenye eziningana: ukumelana nokungqubuzana ngenxa yokugeleza kwamanzi phezu kobuso besikebhe, ukumelana nokwenza amagagasi ngenxa yokwakheka kwamagagasi, kanye nokumelana okwengeziwe ngenxa yokuba lukhuni kobuso, izithasiselo (i-rudder, i-shaft, i-bilge keel), kanye nomoya.
Ngenxa yalokho, ukwakheka kwemikhumbi kumele kulinganise ukuma kwesikebhe, isivinini somklamo, kanye nohlelo lokuqhuba (injini, i-propeller, i-waterjet, noma uhlelo lwe-hybrid). Emikhumbini yokuhweba, ukusebenza kahle kukaphethiloli kuyinto eza kuqala, ngakho-ke ukwenza ngcono kwenziwa ngokuklama umugqa wesikebhe (uhlelo lwemigqa), ukukhethwa kwama-propeller asebenza kahle kakhulu, ukusetshenziswa kwama-bow anama-bulbous, kanye nokulawula ukungcola ngopende wokulwa nokungcola.
Ukusheshisa akukhona nje ukusheshisa umkhumbi, kodwa futhi kuwuhlanganisa nezidingo zokusheshisa, okuhlanganisa ukujika, ukuma, kanye nokugcina indlela. Ukwakheka kwe-rudder, ukusebenzisana kwe-propeller ne-rudder, kanye nemishini eyengeziwe njenge-bow thrusters kubalulekile, ikakhulukazi emikhunjini evame ukufika emachwebeni amancane.
5. Ukugcinwa Kwemikhumbi: Ukuziphatha Kwemikhumbi Emagagasini
Ukugcina umkhumbi emanzini kuyikhono lomkhumbi lokusebenza ngokuphepha nangokunethezekile olwandle olunolaka. Umkhumbi awuqhubeki nje kuphela kodwa futhi uhlangabezana namazinga ayisithupha enkululeko yokuhamba: ukushukuma, ukugoba, ukugoqa, ukugoqa, ukushukuma, kanye nokukhuphuka.
Umklamo wokunakekela olwandle ubheka ukuma komnsalo, ubude bomkhumbi, ukusatshalaliswa kwesisindo, kanye namadivayisi okunciphisa ukugoqa njenge-bilge keels, ama-fin stabilizers, noma amathangi okulwa nokugoqa. Emikhumbini yabagibeli, induduzo iyisici esiyinhloko, njengoba ukunyakaza ngokweqile kungabangela ukuguliswa olwandle. Ezikebheni zokusebenza noma emikhunjini yezempi, ukunakekelwa olwandle kunquma amandla okusebenza njengokufika kwezindiza ezinophephela emhlane, ukuqaliswa kwemikhumbi, noma ukusetshenziswa kwemishini yedekhi.
6. Amandla Esakhiwo Somkhumbi Nezinto Ezisetshenziswayo
Imikhumbi iyizakhiwo ezinkulu ezithwalwa imithwalo eyinkimbinkimbi. Imithwalo eyinhloko ifaka phakathi imithwalo engashukumi (ukuzithwala kanye nemithwalo) kanye nemithwalo enamandla (amagagasi, ukushaqeka komnsalo, ukudlidliza kwenjini, kanye nokukhathala kwezinto ezibonakalayo). Sekukonke, isikebhe singaba nokugoba (ukukhukhumala phezulu) kanye nokuwa (ukucwila phansi) ngenxa yokusabalala kwamagagasi kanye nesisindo.
Abaklami bezakhiwo banquma ubukhulu bamapuleti namaphrofayili, ukwakheka kwama-hull, ama-bulkhead, kanye nezibambi zokuqinisa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umkhumbi uqinile kodwa ulula. Insimbi isalokhu iyinto eyinhloko yemikhumbi ngenxa yamandla ayo kanye nokonga kwayo, kodwa i-aluminium ivame ukusetshenziswa emikhunjini esheshayo kanye nezakhiwo ezingcono kakhulu ukunciphisa isisindo esingaphezulu (okuzuzisa nokuzinza). Izinto ezihlanganisiwe ziyathandwa emikhunjini emincane kanye nasezingxenyeni ezithile ngenxa yokumelana kwayo nokugqwala kanye nesisindo esincane.
Amandla esakhiwo nawo ahlobene ngqo nesikhathi sokuphila komkhumbi kanye nezindleko zokulungisa. Ukugqwala, ukuqhekeka, kanye nokuguquka kumele kuvinjelwe ngokuklama okuningiliziwe okufanele, ukuvikelwa kwe-cathodic, izinhlelo zokumboza, kanye nokuhlolwa okuvamile.
7. Ukuhlelwa (Ukuhlelwa Okuvamile) kanye Nemisebenzi Yokusebenza
Izimiso zokuklama zidlulela ngale kwe-hydrodynamics kanye nesakhiwo; umkhumbi kumele ufeze imisebenzi yawo yokusebenza. Amalungiselelo ajwayelekile (GA) achaza indawo yegumbi lenjini, amathangi, izindawo zokugcina imithwalo, izindawo zokuhlala, ibhuloho lokuzulazula, imizila yokuphuma, kanye nokufinyelela ekulungisweni.
Lokhu kusabalala kwendawo kuthinta ukuzinza (indawo ephakathi nendawo yamandla adonsela phansi), ukuphepha (ukuhlukaniswa kwezindawo eziyingozi, izindawo zomlilo), kanye nokusebenza kahle (izindlela zokulayisha nokukhipha impahla, ukufinyelela ku-crane, kanye nezindawo zokupaka ze-ro-ro). Ukungahambisani kahle kungabangela ukuthi umkhumbi usebenzise amandla amaningi, kube nzima ukuwusebenzisa, noma ungakhululeki. Ngakho-ke, abaklami bemikhumbi basebenzisana nonjiniyela bemishini, kagesi, bezokuphepha, kanye nabaqhubi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umklamo usebenza ezweni langempela.
8. Ukuphepha, Ukulawulwa, kanye Nemvelo
Imikhumbi yesimanje kudingeka ihambisane nemithethonqubo yokuhlukaniswa kwezinhlobo kanye nemigomo yamazwe ngamazwe njenge-SOLAS (ukuphepha kokuphila olwandle), i-MARPOL (ukuvimbela ukungcola), kanye ne-Load Line Convention. Le mithethonqubo ithinta ukwakheka kwezindawo zokuvikela amanzi ezingangeni manzi, izinhlelo zokulwa nomlilo, ukuzinza komonakalo, kanye nokulawula ukukhishwa kwegesi.
Izici zemvelo zibaluleke kakhulu: ukusebenza kahle kwamandla, ukukhishwa kwe-SOx/NOx okuncishisiwe, ukusetshenziswa kwamafutha ane-sulfur ephansi, i-LNG, noma izinhlelo zamabhethri ahlanganisiwe, kanye nemiklamo enciphisa imfucuza. Ngisho nesimo se-hull kanye nokukhetha ukuqhutshwa kungasiza ekunciphiseni ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli kanye ne-carbon footprint.
I-Penutup
Izimiso eziyisisekelo zokwakhiwa kwemikhumbi zihlanganisa i-physics, ubunjiniyela, kanye nezidingo zokusebenza. Ukuqina kuqinisekisa ukuthi umkhumbi untanta; ukuzinza kuwugcina uphephile; ukuma kwesikebhe, ukumelana, kanye nokunyakaza kunquma ukusebenza kahle; ukugcinwa kolwandle kuqinisekisa ikhono lomkhumbi lokumelana namagagasi; amandla esakhiwo aqinisekisa ubuqotho besikebhe; ukwakheka kunikeza ukusebenza kanye ne-ergonomics; kanye nemithethonqubo kanye nemvelo kunikeza izivikelo zokuphepha kanye nomthwalo wemfanelo wesimanje. Ukuqonda ukuxhumana kwalezi zimiso kusisiza sibone ukuthi imikhumbi ayiyona nje "abathuthi" kodwa izinhlelo ezihlanganisiwe, eziklanywe ngokucophelela ukuze zisebenze kwenye yezindawo eziyinselele kakhulu: ulwandle.
