Ukuphathwa Kwemifula Eya Olwandle
I-watershed (DAS) yindawo yomhlaba echazwa yizintaba noma izintaba, ekhonza ukuqoqa, ukugcina, kanye nokuhambisa amanzi emvula ngenethiwekhi yemifula kuze kube yilapho ethululela olwandle. Indlela esiphatha ngayo i-watershed inquma kakhulu ikhwalithi yokuphila kwabantu—kusukela ekutholakaleni kwamanzi ahlanzekile, umkhiqizo wezolimo, ukuphepha kwezikhukhula, kuya empilweni yezindawo zemvelo zasogwini kanye nezasolwandle. Ngenxa yokuthi imifula "ithwala" konke kusukela phezulu kuya phansi, ukuphathwa kwe-watershed akukwazi ukuhlukaniswa; kumele kubonwe njengohlelo oluhlangene kusukela ezintabeni kuya esizalweni somfula.
Ukuchithwa kwamanzi njengeSistimu: Kusukela Phezulu, Phakathi, Phansi, kuya Ogwini
Izindawo zamanzi zinezici ezihlukile endaweni ngayinye. Esifundeni esingenhla komfula, umthambeka womhlaba uphakeme, inhlabathi ivame ukuba sengozini yokuguguleka, futhi lezi zindawo zivame ukusebenza njengemithombo yemithombo. Umsebenzi oyinhloko womfula ongenhla ukonga: ukugcina ukungena kwamanzi ukuze amanzi emvula angene futhi agcwalise amanzi angaphansi komhlaba, ngenkathi kunciphisa ukugeleza kwamanzi angaphezulu angabangela izikhukhula ezisheshayo. Esifundeni esiphakathi, imisebenzi yabantu ivame ukuba miningi kakhulu—ezolimo, amasimu, izindawo zokuhlala, kanye nengqalasizinda yemigwaqo. Kulesi sigaba, ingozi yokungcola kanye nokuchitheka kwenhlabathi iyanda ngenxa yezinguquko ekumbozweni komhlaba. Okwamanje, esifundeni esingezansi komfula, imifula iyanda, ukugeleza kwamanzi kuyahamba kancane, futhi izindawo ezigcwele amanzi ziba zibalulekile. Isifunda esingezansi komfula sivame ukusebenza njengesikhungo semisebenzi yezomnotho neyezindawo zokuhlala, kodwa futhi sisengozini enkulu yezikhukhula, ukonakala kwekhwalithi yamanzi, kanye nezingxabano zokusetshenziswa komhlaba.
Okokugcina, izindawo zokungena emanzini kanye nezindawo ezisogwini zisebenza “njengezindlela” zokungena olwandle. Noma yini ethwalwa kusukela phezulu komfula—indle, imfucuza yepulasitiki, izakhamzimba zomanyolo, ngisho nemfucuza yezimboni—izoqongelela noma isakazeke ezindaweni zokungena emanzini nasemanzini asogwini. Imiphumela ingafaka phakathi ukugcwala kwenhlabathi, ukufa kwe-biota, ukuqothuka kwenhlabathi, umonakalo wemifula yamakhorali, kanye nokwehla kwesivuno sokudoba. Yingakho ukuphathwa kwamanzi kumele kuqondwe njengohambo lwamanzi nezinto eziya olwandle, hhayi nje indaba yemifula emhlabeni.
Izinselele Eziyinhloko Zokuphathwa Kwezindawo Zokugeleza Amanzi
Inselele yokuqala ukushintsha kwesembozo somhlaba. Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, ukuhlanzwa komhlaba othambekele ukuze kulinywe ngaphandle kokulondolozwa, kanye nokwandiswa kwezindawo zokuhlala nezindawo zezimboni kwandisa ukugeleza kwamanzi nokuguguleka komhlaba. Uma lina, amanzi ageleza ngokushesha phezu komhlaba, ethwala inhlabathi nezinhlayiya ezincane emifuleni. Ngenxa yalokho, ukugeleza okuphezulu kuyanda (izikhukhula ezivame kakhulu nezinkulu) kuyilapho ukugeleza okuyisisekelo ngesikhathi sesomiso kuncipha (isomiso nenkinga yamanzi).
Inselele yesibili ukugcwala kwenhlabathi kanye nodaka. Udaka oluvela ekugugulekeni luzohlala ezindaweni eziphakathi nezingezansi zemifula, lunciphise amandla ayo, lubhubhise izindawo zokuhlala ze-biota zamanzi ahlanzekile, futhi lusheshise ukugcwala kwenhlabathi yamachibi kanye nemisele yamanzi. Udaka lwemisele yamanzi kungaphazamisa ukuthunyelwa kwemikhumbi, kukhulise izikhukhula zamanzi, futhi kushintshe ukuguquguquka kwezindawo zemvelo zemisele yamanzi.
Inselele yesithathu ukungcola. Imfucuza yasekhaya evela ezindaweni zokuhlala, imfucuza yezimboni, amanzi agelezayo ezolimo athwala umanyolo kanye nezibulala-zinambuzane, kanye nemfuyo kungonakalisa ikhwalithi yamanzi. Ukungcola akugcini nje ngokulimaza impilo yomphakathi kodwa futhi kudala umthwalo ezindaweni ezisogwini kanye nezasolwandle: amazinga aphezulu ezakhamzimba abangela ukuqhakaza kwe-algal, anciphise umoya-mpilo oncibilikisiwe, futhi abulale izinhlanzi.
Inselele yesine imfucuza, ikakhulukazi ipulasitiki. Imifula ivame ukuba yindlela eyinhloko yokungenisa imfucuza olwandle. Ukuphathwa kabi kwemfucuza ezindaweni eziphezulu neziphakathi zezindawo zamanzi kuzoholela ekungcoleni kogu, ekulimaleni kwezokuvakasha, ezitsheni zamakhorali, kanye ne-biota emuncwa yipulasitiki. Lokhu akuyona nje inkinga yobuhle, kodwa kuyisongo esikhulu ochungechungeni lokudla kanye nempilo yabantu.
Inselele yesihlanu ukuphatha kanye nokuhlanganisa. Izindawo zokulahla amanzi zivame ukusabalala ezifundeni eziningi zokuphatha. Uma isifunda ngasinye sakha izinqubomgomo zaso ngaphandle kokuhlanganisa, imiphumela iyahlukana: esinye isifunda sitshala izihlahla, esinye sakha eceleni komfula; esinye sithuthukisa ukugeleza kwamanzi, esinye silahla imfucuza emfuleni. Ukuphathwa kwezindawo zokulahla amanzi kudinga umsebenzi wokubambisana kuzo zonke izigaba nezifunda.
Izimiso Zokuphathwa Kwezindawo Zokugeleza Eziqhubekayo
Ukuphathwa kwezindawo zamanzi eziholela olwandle kudinga isimiso "esihlanganisiwe esihlanganisa i-up-downstream". Lokhu kusho ukuthi izinqumo ezihambisana ne-up-stream kumele zicabangele imiphumela yazo engezansi kanye nasogwini. Izimiso ezilandelayo zisebenza njengesisekelo:
1. Ukongiwa komhlabathi namanzi njengento eza kuqala: ukugcina ikhono lomhlaba lokumunca amanzi nokumelana nokuguguleka komhlabathi.
2. Indlela esekelwe ohlelweni lwezemvelo: ukubuyisela imisebenzi yemvelo yemifula, amaxhaphozi kanye nezihlahla ze-mangrove.
3. Ubulungiswa bezenhlalo kanye nokubamba iqhaza: imiphakathi yendawo, abalimi, abadobi kanye nabadlali bebhizinisi bahilelekile ekuhleleni nasekuqondiseni.
4. Idatha kanye nezingozi ezisekelwe: ukusebenzisa amamephu obuthakathaka bezikhukhula, ukuguguleka komhlabathi, kanye nekhwalithi yamanzi ukuze kunqunywe izinyathelo eziza kuqala.
5. Ukuvimbela kushibhile kunokulungisa: ukuvimbela ukungcola kanye nomonakalo womhlaba kusebenza kangcono kunokuhlanza imifula nolwandle.
Isu Lobuchwepheshe Kusukela Ezansi Kuya Ezansi
Ezindaweni ezingenhla komfula, isu eliyinhloko ukubuyiselwa kwesembozo somhlaba kanye nokulondolozwa kwemithambeka. Ukuvuselelwa kwamahlathi kanye nokulima kungandisa ukungena komhlaba ngenkathi kuhlinzeka ngezinzuzo zomnotho. Emasimini ezolimo athambekele, amasimu, amagquma angaphansi komhlaba, kanye nezitshalo ezimbozekile kunciphisa ukuguguleka komhlaba. Ukuvikelwa kwemithombo kanye nezindawo ezingena emanzini kudingeka kuqiniswe ukuqinisekisa imithombo yamanzi ezinzile unyaka wonke. Ukulawulwa komlilo wehlathi nakho kubalulekile, njengoba imililo yonakalisa isakhiwo somhlabathi futhi ibhebhethekise ukugeleza kwamanzi.
Esifundeni esimaphakathi, kugxilwe ekunciphiseni ukungcola kanye nokuphatha indawo ezungeze imifula. Ukusungula nokuphoqelela imingcele yemifula kuvimbela izakhiwo ukuthi zingasondeli kakhulu emseleni womfula, kunikeza indawo yezikhukhula, futhi kuvumela izitshalo zasemifuleni ukuba zikhule. Izitshalo zasemifuleni (imigwaqo eluhlaza eceleni komfula) zisebenza njengesihlungi semvelo sendle kanye nezakhamzimba ngaphambi kokuba zingene emanzini. Ukuhlanzeka kanye nezinhlelo zokuhlanza amanzi angcolile zasekhaya kumele zandiswe—kusukela emathangini afanele okungcola kanye nezitshalo zokwelapha zomphakathi kuya ekuqapheni ukuthuthwa kwemfucuza yezimboni. Ezindaweni zasemadolobheni, ukusetshenziswa kwengqalasizinda eluhlaza njengemithombo yokungena, ama-biopores, izingadi zokungena, kanye namachibi okugcina amanzi kusiza ukugcina amanzi emvula engangeni.
Ezindaweni ezingezansi komfula, indlela ephumelelayo iwukuhlanganiswa kobunjiniyela kanye nokuvuselelwa kwe-ecosystem. Ukulungiswa kwemifula kuvame ukwenziwa, kodwa kufanele kuqashelwe ukugwema ukulimaza imisebenzi yezemvelo. Enye indlela eqashelwa kakhulu "indawo yomfula," evumela imifula ukuthi igcwale ngendlela elawulwayo emathafeni agcwele izikhukhula, izindawo ezimanzi, kanye nezindawo ezivikelwe zezikhukhula. Ukulawulwa kokuchitheka kwenhlabathi kungatholakala ngokuphatha imithombo yokuguguleka komhlabathi engenhla komfula, ukumba okukhethiwe okuhlala isikhathi eside, kanye nokulawula izakhiwo zamanzi ukuze kuncishiswe imiphumela engezansi komfula.
Ezindaweni zokungena kwamanzi kanye nasezindaweni ezisogwini, ukuvuselelwa kwe-mangrove kanye nezindawo ezimanzi kubalulekile. I-mangrove igcina inhlabathi, ithobisa amagagasi, futhi ihlinzeka ngendawo yokuhlala yezinhlanzi. Kodwa-ke, ukuvuselelwa kwe-mangrove okuphumelelayo kuncike kakhulu ekuhlinzekweni kwenhlabathi okulinganiselayo kanye nekhwalithi yamanzi ngaphakathi kwe-watershed. Ngakho-ke, ukungenelela ogwini akukwazi ukuzimela kodwa; kumele kuhlotshaniswe nokunciphisa imfucuza kanye nokungcola kulo lonke i-watershed.
Indima Yenqubomgomo, Umnotho, kanye Nomphakathi
Ukuphathwa kwezindawo zokulahla amanzi akugcini nje ngamaphrojekthi angokoqobo; kudinga izinqubomgomo ezihambisanayo kanye nezikhuthazo zomnotho. Uhulumeni angakhuthaza izinkokhelo zezinsizakalo zemvelo, isibonelo, lapho abasebenzisi bamanzi abasezansi besiza khona ukuxhasa ukongiwa kwamanzi asezansi. Lolu hlelo lunobulungiswa, njengoba abasebenzisi abasezansi bezuza emanzini azinzile futhi asezingeni elingcono. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kumele kuhlinzekwe umthetho oqinile ngokumelene nabangcolisi kanye nabaphula imingcele yemifula, kanye nokusekelwa kwezixazululo zemiphakathi ukuze kuvinjelwe ukulahlekelwa yizindlela zabo zokuziphilisa.
Imiphakathi idlala indima ebalulekile ngoba imisebenzi yayo yansuku zonke—ukulahlwa kukadoti, ukusetshenziswa kwensipho, ukuphathwa kwamathangi okungcola, kanye nemikhuba yokulima—ithinta ngqo ikhwalithi yomfula. Izinhlelo zemfundo, amabhange kadoti, ukunciphisa amapulasitiki asetshenziswa kanye, kanye nemisebenzi yokuvuselela imithombo yamanzi esekwe emphakathini kuye kwaba usizo uma kusetshenziswa njalo futhi kusekelwa ingqalasizinda eyanele.
Ukuya Olwandle Olunempilo
Ekugcineni, ulwandle oluhlanzekile nolukhiqizayo alunakufezwa ngokuhlanza amabhishi noma ukususa udoti ezizalweni. Ulwandle luwukubonakaliswa kwesimo sezamanzi. Uma amanzi aqala ukugawulwa, imifula izoba mdaka futhi izizalo zingajulile. Uma amadolobha elahla imfucuza, izindawo ezigudle ugu zizongcoliswa. Uma ukuphathwa kwemfucuza kukubi, ipulasitiki izophelela olwandle. Ngakho-ke, ukuphathwa kwezamanzi olwandle kumele kube umzamo wokubambisana ohlanganisa ukongiwa kwemvelo, ukuhlela indawo, ukulawula ukungcola, kanye nokubuyiselwa kwemvelo yasogwini.
Ngokuphathwa okuhlanganisiwe kusukela phezulu kuya phansi—okusekelwe kwisayensi, ukubamba iqhaza komphakathi, kanye nezinqubomgomo ezihambisanayo—izindawo zamanzi zingaba umthombo wezindlela zokuphila eziqhubekayo. Amanzi ageleza olwandle, kodwa imiphumela yawo ibuyela kithi: ngesimo sokuphepha kwezinhlekelele, impilo yemvelo, kanye nekusasa lezomnotho eliqinile.
