Izindlela Zokulinganisa Amapharamitha Omzimba Wasolwandle
Ulwandle luyisimiso semvelo esiguquguqukayo nesiyinkimbinkimbi. Izinguquko ezincane ekushiseni, usawoti, imisinga, noma ukuphakama kwamagagasi kungaba nomthelela omkhulu ezindaweni zemvelo, isimo sezulu sasogwini, ukuphepha kwemikhumbi, ngisho nokudoba kanye nokuhlola izinsiza. Ngakho-ke, ukulinganisa imingcele yemvelo yolwandle kuyisisekelo esibalulekile se-oceanography, isimo sezulu, ubunjiniyela basolwandle, kanye nokuphathwa kwendawo yasogwini. Lesi sihloko sixoxa ngemingcele yemvelo yolwandle evame ukulinganiswa kanye nezindlela ezisetshenziswayo, kufaka phakathi i-in situ (ngqo ensimini), ukuzwa kude, kanye nezindlela zokulingisa.
1. Amapharamitha ajwayelekile olwandle alinganiswa ngokomzimba
Ukulinganisa okungokoqobo kolwandle ngokuvamile kugxila ezimisweni eziningana ezibalulekile:
1. Izinga Lokushisa: Lilawula ukuminyana kwamanzi olwandle, ukuhlukaniswa kwamakholomu amanzi, kanye nezinqubo zokushintshana kokushisa phakathi kolwandle nomoya.
2. Usawoti: Kanye nokushisa kunquma ubuningi, ukujikeleza kwe-thermohaline, kanye nokusabalala kwamanzi amaningi.
3. Ubuningi kanye nokuhlukaniswa: Kuchaza ukuzinza kwekholomu yamanzi kanye nokuxuba okuqondile.
4. Imisinga yolwandle: Ithinta ukuthuthwa kokushisa, izakhamzimba, inhlabathi, kanye nezinto eziphilayo.
5. Amagagasi namagagasi: Thola amandla ezindaweni ezisogwini, ukuguguleka, kanye nengozi yezikhukhula zamagagasi.
6. Izinga lolwandle: Inkomba yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kanye nokuguquguquka kolwandle nomoya.
7. Ukucaca kwamanzi kanye nezakhiwo zokukhanya (njengemingcele ehlobene ngokomzimba): Kuthinta ukungena kokukhanya kanye nokukhiqiza okuyinhloko.
Ipharamitha ngayinye idinga amathuluzi ahlukene namasu okulinganisa ngokuya ngezinhloso, isikali sesikhathi sesikhala, kanye nezimo zamanzi.
2. Indlela yokulinganisa ngaphakathi (ensimini)
a. I-CTD (Ukuqhuba–Ukushisa–Ukujula)
I-CTD iyithuluzi elijwayelekile lokuhlola ulwandle lokulinganisa ukuguquguquka komoya (okuguqulelwa ekubeni usawoti), izinga lokushisa, kanye nokucindezela (ukujula). I-CTD yehliswa emkhunjini nge-winch, iqopha iphrofayili eqondile kusukela ebusweni iye ekujuleni okuthile. Izinzuzo ze-CTD yisisombululo sayo esiphakeme sokuma kanye nokunemba okuhle. Ukuqinisekisa ikhwalithi yedatha, i-CTD ivame ukuhlanganiswa nokuthatha amasampula amanzi kusetshenziswa isampula ye-rosette equkethe ibhodlela le-Niskin, ukuze amanani kasawoti alinganiswe elabhorethri.
b. I-XBT (i-Expendable Bathythermograph)
Ama-XBT alinganisa amaphrofayili okushisa uma kuqhathaniswa nokujula. Ngokungafani nama-CTD, ama-XBT angasetshenziswa futhi awusizo kakhulu ekuhlolweni okusheshayo okuvela emikhunjini ehambayo. Kodwa-ke, ama-XBT ngokuvamile awalinganisi usawoti futhi anokungaqiniseki kokulinganisa ukujula okungokwemvelo uma isivinini sokwehla kweprobe singalungile.
c. I-ADCP (Iphrofayili Yamanje Ye-Acoustic Doppler)
Ama-ADCP alinganisa isivinini samanje kanye nesiqondiso esebenzisa isimiso sokushintsha kwe-Doppler samagagasi e-acoustic abonakaliswa yizinhlayiya emanzini. Ama-ADCP angafakwa:
– Emikhumbini (ibhodi lemikhumbi i-ADCP) ukuze kudwetshwe imisinga emzileni,
– Ngesikhathi sokubophela (ihange eliqinile) ukuqapha imisinga yesikhathi eside,
– Ebunzini lolwandle (olufakwe phansi) ukuze ubone isakhiwo samandla aqondile.
Inzuzo ye-ADCP ukuthi ingahlinzeka ngamaphrofayili wamanje ezingqimbeni eziningi zokujula ngesikhathi esisodwa, okulungele izifundo zokujikeleza kwegazi, ukuphakama, kanye nokuguquguquka kwemisele yamanzi.
d. Imitha yamanje kanye ne-drifter
Ngaphezu kwe-ADCP, imisinga ingalinganiswa kusetshenziswa amamitha wamanje wamaphuzu (isb., i-rotor noma i-electromagnetic) kanye nama-drifter (ama-floats alandela imisinga engaphezulu). Ama-drifter awusizo kakhulu ekubhekeni amaphethini okuthuthwa komhlaba e-Lagrangian, njengokusatshalaliswa kokungcola noma ukuhamba kwezinqwaba zamanzi ezizungeze izingqimba zolwandle.
e. I-Tidal gauge kanye ne-pressure sensor
Amagagasi olwandle kanye nezinga lolwandle kulinganiswa kusetshenziswa amagagasi olwandle emabhishi noma emachwebeni. Ama-sensor angaba ama-buoy omshini, ama-radar, noma ama-pressure sensor. Ezindaweni ezingasogwini lolwandle, ama-pressure sensors phansi kolwandle angaqopha ukushintshashintsha kwengcindezi okuhlobene nokushintsha kwezinga lamanzi kanye namagagasi. Idatha yamagagasi ibalulekile ekuzulazuleni, ekuhleleni ichweba, kanye nasekuhlaziyweni kwezikhukhula zamagagasi.
f. I-wave buoy kanye ne-wave radar
Amagagasi alinganiswa kusetshenziswa amagagasi aqopha ukunyakaza okuqondile kanye nokwehla kobuso bolwandle. Amapharamitha aphumelayo afaka ukuphakama okukhulu kwamagagasi (Hs), isikhathi, kanye nesiqondiso samagagasi. Ezindaweni ezisogwini, izinhlelo zamagagasi e-wave noma ama-radar e-X-band angadweba insimu yamagagasi kanye nemisinga yobuso endaweni ethile.
g. Ukulinganiswa kwempahla ebonakalayo: I-Secchi disk kanye ne-PAR sensor
Ukucaca kwamanzi kulinganiswa kalula kusetshenziswa idiski yeSecchi, idiski emhlophe eyehlisiwe kuze kube yilapho ingasabonakali. Le ndlela ayibizi futhi iyashesha, yize ithintwa yizimo zokukhanya kanye nokubona okubonakalayo. Ukuze uthole izifundo ezinemininingwane eminingi, inzwa ye-PAR (Photosynthetically Active Radiation) noma i-turbidimeter isetshenziselwa ukukala ukungena kokukhanya kanye nokungcoliswa njengezinkomba zesimo somzimba samanzi.
3. Ukuzwa kude
a. I-satellite yokushisa kolwandle (SST)
Amasathelayithi anezinzwa ze-infrared kanye ne-microwave angalinganisa izinga lokushisa lolwandle (SST). Idatha ye-SST iwusizo ekuqapheni izenzakalo ezinkulu ezifana ne-El Niño–La Niña, ukuphakama, kanye nemingcele yokushisa. Izinzuzo zayo zifaka phakathi ukumbozwa okubanzi kanye nemvamisa ephezulu, kodwa izilinganiso ze-infrared zifihlwe amafu futhi zimelela kuphela ungqimba lobuso.
b. I-altimetry yesathelayithi yezinga lolwandle
Ama-altimeter esathelayithi alinganisa ukuphakama kobuso bolwandle ngokukhipha ama-pulse e-radar nokulinganisa isikhathi sokubonakaliswa kwawo. Lokhu kuwavumela ukuthi athole ukungalingani kwezinga lolwandle okuhlobene nemisinga ye-geostrophic kanye nokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu. I-altimeter ibalulekile ekuqondeni ukujikelezwa komhlaba wonke, kodwa isisombululo sayo sinqunyelwe ezindaweni eziyinkimbinkimbi ezisogwini.
c. Amasathelayithi omoya namagagasi
Isivinini somoya phezu kolwandle singalinganiswa kusuka kuma-scatterometer, kuyilapho amapharamitha wamagagasi angatholakala kusuka kuma-altimeter namamodeli okuhlanganisa. Lolu lwazi lusetshenziswa kabanzi ekubikezeleni isimo sezulu sasolwandle kanye nokunciphisa izinhlekelele.
d. Imikhawulo yokuzwa okukude
Ukuzwa kude kudlula konke ekumbozweni kwendawo, kodwa ngokuvamile kumelela izimo zobuso kuphela. Ngakho-ke, idatha yesathelayithi kufanele iqinisekiswe ngokulinganisa ngaphakathi kwendawo ukuqinisekisa ukunemba kanye nokusebenziseka kokuhlaziywa okwengeziwe.
4. Ukubopha, iziteshi ezizenzakalelayo, kanye nokubuka kwesikhathi eside
Ukuqonda izitayela zesikhathi eside kudinga ukuqashelwa okuqhubekayo. Ama-moorings awuchungechunge lwezinsimbi ezifakwe ezintanjeni ezinesisindo phansi kolwandle kanye nama-buoy phezulu. Izinsimbi ezifana nama-CTD logger, ama-ADCP, kanye nezinzwa zokushisa zingaqopha idatha izinyanga noma iminyaka. Ezindaweni ezisogwini, iziteshi ezizenzakalelayo (isb., ama-buoy e-meteorological-oceanographic) zingaqapha umoya, amagagasi, izinga lokushisa, kanye nemisinga ngesikhathi sangempela, zisekela izinhlelo zokuxwayisa zakuqala kanye nezinsizakalo zolwazi lwasolwandle.
5. Ukumodela ngezinombolo kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwedatha
Ngaphezu kokulinganisa okuqondile, i-oceanography yanamuhla incike kumamodeli ezinombolo ukuze ilingise imisinga, izinga lokushisa, usawoti, ngisho namagagasi. Amamodeli afana ne-ROMS, i-HYCOM, noma i-SWAN asebenzisa izilinganiso ze-fluid physics futhi aphoqeleka yidatha yomoya, i-tidal, kanye nesimo semingcele. Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukunemba kwemodeli, kusetshenziswa ukuhlanganiswa kwedatha, kufaka phakathi okubonwayo (ama-CTD, ama-buoy, ama-satellite) kumodeli. Le ndlela ivumela amamephu aphelele kakhulu emingceleni yomzimba yolwandle, kufaka phakathi izindawo okunzima ukuzilinganisa ngqo.
6. Izinselele kanye nemikhuba emihle kakhulu
Ukulinganisa imingcele yemvelo yolwandle kubhekene nezinselele ezifana nokugqwala kwamanzi anosawoti, ukubola kwezitshalo (ukunamathela kwezitshalo/izinto eziphilayo), ukuphazamiseka kwesimo sezulu, kanye nokushintshashintsha okusheshayo kwesimo sezulu. Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ikhwalithi yedatha, kufanele kusetshenziswe imikhuba eminingana emihle:
- Ukulinganisa amathuluzi ngaphambi nangemva kocwaningo,
- Ukwenziwa kwezinqubo zokuqoqwa kwedatha zibe yizinga elifanayo,
- Ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi (ukuhlola amaphutha, i-spike, ukuzulazula kwenzwa),
- Inhlanganisela yezindlela (ezitholakala endaweni eyodwa + i-satellite + imodeli) ukuze zihambisane,
– I-metadata ephelele (isikhathi, indawo, izimo zezulu, izilungiselelo zamathuluzi) ukuze idatha ikwazi ukukopishwa futhi iqhathaniswe.
Isiphetho
Izindlela zokulinganisa imingcele yemvelo yolwandle ziye zashintsha kusukela kumathuluzi alula njenge-Secchi disks kuya ezinhlelweni eziyinkimbinkimbi njenge-CTDs, i-ADCPs, ama-buoy azenzakalelayo, kanye ne-altimetry yesathelayithi. Ngayinye inezinzuzo zayo kanye nemikhawulo yayo, ngakho-ke ukukhetha indlela kumele kuhambisane nezinhloso zocwaningo, isikali sokubuka, kanye nezimo zasensimini. Enkathini yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kanye nokwanda komsebenzi wasolwandle, ukuhlanganiswa kwezilinganiso zangaphakathi, ukuzwa kude, kanye nokulingisa izinombolo kuyindlela ephumelela kakhulu yokuqonda ngokuphelele ukuguquguquka kolwandle nokusekela ukwenza izinqumo ezisekelwe kwisayensi.
