Izimpawu ze-El Niño kanye nomthelela wazo olwandle
I-Pendahuluan
I-El Niño iyinto yemvelo yesimo sezulu eyenzeka ngezikhathi ezithile oLwandlekazini iPacific oluphakathi nendawo. Lesi simo sivame ukubonakala ngokwanda okukhulu kwamazinga okushisa olwandle, okunemiphumela ebanzi hhayi kuphela esimweni sezulu somhlaba wonke kodwa nasezindaweni zemvelo zasolwandle. Izikhathi ze-El Niño zingahlala izinyanga eziningana kuya onyakeni, futhi imiphumela yazo izwakala emhlabeni wonke. Lesi sihloko sizohlola izimpawu ze-El Niño kanye nemiphumela yayo olwandle nasezindaweni zemvelo zalo.
Izimpawu ze-El Niño
I-El Niño, okusho ukuthi “umfana omncane” ngesiSpanishi, ibhekisela kuJesu ongumntwana, njengoba lesi simo sivame ukwenzeka cishe ngoKhisimusi. Izimpawu ze-El Niño zingabonakala ngezinkomba eziningana ezibalulekile:
1. Ukwenyuka Kwezinga Lokushisa Lolwandle:
Esinye sezimpawu eziyinhloko ze-El Niño ukwanda kwamazinga okushisa olwandle empumalanga naphakathi kwe-Pacific enkabazwe, ikakhulukazi ogwini lwasePeru nase-Ecuador. Amazinga okushisa kwamanzi angakhuphuka ngo-1-4°C ngaphezu kokujwayelekile.
2. Ukushintsha Kokucindezeleka Komoya:
Lesi simo sibonakala nangoshintsho emaphethini okucindezela komoya okwaziwa ngokuthi i-Southern Oscillation. I-Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) yehlile, okubonisa umehluko wokucindezela phakathi kweTahiti neDarwin, e-Australia.
3. Izinguquko Emaphethini Omoya:
Imimoya yokuhweba, evame ukuvunguza isuka empumalanga iye entshonalanga, iyenza buthaka noma ibuyisele emuva isiqondiso. Lokhu kuvumela amanzi afudumele entshonalanga yePacific ukuthi ageleze abuyele empumalanga.
4. Imvula Engavamile:
Izinguquko ezindleleni zemvula ziwuphawu lwe-El Niño. Izindawo ezivame ukoma zingase zibe nemvula eningi, kanti izindawo ezivame ukuba nemvula zingase zibe nesomiso.
Umthelela we-El Niño oLwandlekazini
Imiphumela yesenzakalo se-El Niño olwandle ibalulekile futhi iyahlukahluka kuzo zonke izifunda. Le miphumela ifaka phakathi izinguquko ekushiseni, usawoti, umoya-mpilo oncibilikisiwe, kanye nokukhiqiza kwezinto eziphilayo olwandle.
1. Ukukhiqiza Kwezinto Eziphilayo:
Omunye wemiphumela emikhulu ye-El Niño ukwehla komkhiqizo wezinto eziphilayo zasolwandle. Ngokuvamile, ukukhuphuka kwenzeka empumalanga yePacific, ukukhuphuka kwamanzi abandayo, acebile ngezakhamzimba avela ekujuleni kolwandle aye phezulu. Kodwa-ke, ngesikhathi se-El Niño, lokhu kuphakama kuyabuthaka, kunciphisa ukuhlinzekwa kwezakhamzimba ebusweni bolwandle, ekugcineni kunciphisa ukukhiqizwa kwe-phytoplankton, isisekelo sochungechunge lokudla lwasolwandle. Lokhu kwehla kwe-phytoplankton kuthinta izinhlanzi nezinye izilwane zasolwandle.
2. Inani Lezinhlanzi:
Izinhlobo eziningi zezinhlanzi zithembele emanzini apholile, acebile ngezakhamzimba ukuze zizalane. Isenzakalo se-El Niño sibangela ukushintsha kwezindawo zokuhlala noma ukwehla kwenani lezinhlanzi. Isibonelo esisodwa esaziwayo ukwehla kwenani lezinhlanzi ezihlala ogwini lwasePeru, okuye kwathinta imboni yokudoba yendawo.
3. I-Coral:
Ukwenyuka kwamazinga okushisa olwandle ngesikhathi se-El Niño nakho kuthinta kabi ama-coral reefs. Amazinga okushisa aphezulu angabangela ukufiphala kwama-coral, lapho ama-coral ekhipha khona ulwelwe oluhambisanayo oluwanikeza umbala nezakhamzimba. Ukufiphala kwama-coral kubeka ingcindezi ezindaweni zemvelo zama-coral futhi kungaholela ekufeni kwama-coral uma izimo ezimbi kakhulu ziqhubeka isikhathi eside.
4. I-oksijini Encibilikisiwe:
Ukwehla kokukhukhumala akugcini nje ngokunciphisa izakhamzimba kodwa futhi kuthinta amazinga omoya-mpilo oncibilikisiwe emanzini aphezulu. Umoya-mpilo ubalulekile empilweni yezinto eziphilayo eziningi zasolwandle, futhi ukuntuleka kwawo kungaholela ezimweni eziyingozi ezaziwa ngokuthi izindawo ezingenayo i-hypoxic noma "izindawo ezifile."
5. Usawoti:
Izinguquko emvuleni kanye namaphethini okugeleza kwemifula ngesikhathi se-El Niño nazo zingathinta usawoti wamanzi kwezinye izindawo. Ukwanda kwemvula enamandla kwezinye izindawo kungaholela ekuncipheni kwamanzi olwandle, kanti isomiso kwezinye singaholela ekwandeni kosawoti. Lezi zinguquko zithinta ibhalansi yezindawo zemvelo zasolwandle kanye nokuzivumelanisa nezinhlobo zezilwane.
Imiphumela Yezenhlalo Nezomnotho
Imiphumela ye-El Niño idlula imingcele yezindawo zemvelo zasolwandle. Kunemiphumela ebalulekile kwezenhlalo nakwezomnotho, ikakhulukazi emiphakathini ethembele olwandle ukuze iziphilise.
1. Ukudoba:
Amazwe amaningi asogwini athembele ekudobeni njengomthombo oyinhloko wokudla kanye nemali engenayo. Ukuncipha kwenani lezinhlanzi kungaba nomthelela omkhulu kwezomnotho. Izimboni zokudoba zingaba nokubanjwa okuncishisiwe, okubangela ukuthi imali engenayo inciphe futhi kusongele ukuphepha kokudla kwendawo.
2. Ezokuvakasha:
Imboni yezokuvakasha yasolwandle nayo iyathinteka. Ukucwiliswa kwamakhorali, isibonelo, kunganciphisa ukukhanga kwezokuvakasha zasolwandle, njengokucwila emanzini kanye nokusnorkeling. Lokhu kuthinta umnotho wesifunda oncike kwezokuvakasha.
3. Imiphakathi Yasogwini:
Imiphakathi yasogwini ingase ibe sengozini enkulu yezinhlekelele zemvelo ngesikhathi se-El Niño, njengeziphepho ezinamandla kanye nezikhukhula ngenxa yemvula enkulu. Ingqalasizinda yasogwini, amakhaya, nezinye izikhungo zingase zonakaliswe, okwandisa umthwalo wezomnotho nowezenhlalo kule miphakathi.
Isiphetho
I-El Niño iyisimo sezulu esiyinkimbinkimbi esinemiphumela ebanzi olwandle nasezindaweni zalo zemvelo. Izenzakalo ezibonakalayo ezifana nokushisa okuphezulu kolwandle kanye nezinguquko emaphethini omoya womkhathi kubangela izinguquko ekukhiqizweni kwezinto eziphilayo zasolwandle, inani lezinhlanzi, izindawo zemvelo zamakhorali, kanye nemingcele ebonakalayo efana nomoya-mpilo oncibilikisiwe kanye nosawoti. Le miphumela ayigcini nje ngezici zemvelo kodwa futhi idlulela nasezicini zenhlalo nezomnotho, ezithinta imiphakathi yokudoba kanye nemboni yezokuvakasha.
Ukuqonda izimpawu nemiphumela ye-El Niño kuyisinyathelo esibalulekile ekuphatheni izinsiza zemvelo zasolwandle kanye nokunciphisa imiphumela yazo emibi. Ucwaningo luyaqhubeka nokuqonda kangcono ukuguquguquka kwalesi simo futhi luthuthukise amasu okuzivumelanisa nezimo asebenza kahle kakhulu. Ngale ndlela, umphakathi womhlaba wonke ungalungela kangcono izehlakalo ze-El Niño zesikhathi esizayo futhi unciphise imiphumela yazo emibi ezindaweni zemvelo zasolwandle kanye nokuphila kwabantu okuncike kuzo.
