Amasu Okuqapha Ukuhlukahluka Kwezinto Eziphilayo Emahlathini Ashisayo
Amahlathi asezindaweni ezishisayo ayizindawo zemvelo ezihlukahlukene, ikhaya lezinhlobo eziningi zezitshalo nezilwane, eziningi zazo ezihlukile emahlathini asezindaweni ezishisayo. La mahlathi adlala indima ebalulekile ekugcineni ibhalansi yendawo yonke futhi ahlinzeka ngezinzuzo eziningi zemvelo, ezomnotho, kanye nezenhlalo. Njengoba kubhekwa ukubaluleka kwalezi zindawo zemvelo, ukuqapha ukuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo emahlathini asezindaweni ezishisayo kubalulekile ekulondolozweni kwazo kanye nokuphathwa okusimeme. Ukuqapha okuphumelelayo kungasiza imizamo yokulondolozwa kokuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo futhi kuhlinzeke ngemininingwane yesayensi ukuze kunikezwe ulwazi ngokwenziwa kwenqubomgomo yemvelo. Ngezansi kunezindlela zokuqapha ezisetshenziswa kakhulu zokuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo emahlathini asezindaweni ezishisayo.
1. Ucwaningo Lwensimu
Ukudluliselwa Komugqa
Ama-line transects ayindlela yokuhlola ehilela ukusungula imigqa eqondile endaweni yokutadisha bese uqoqa idatha ngokuhamba ngayo. Abacwaningi baqopha ukuba khona kanye nenani lezinhlobo ezibonwayo eceleni kwe-transect. Le ndlela iyasebenza ekuqapheni izitshalo kanye nezinhlobo ezithile zezilwane ezibonwa kalula, njengezinyoni nezilwane ezinkulu ezincelisayo. Le ndlela inganikeza idatha ngokusatshalaliswa kanye nobuningi bezinhlobo endaweni yokutadisha.
Isakhiwo Esilungisiwe
Izindawo ezihleliwe ziyizindawo ezikhethwe ngokungahleliwe noma ngokuhlelekile ngaphakathi kwendawo yokuhlala ehlathini ezibe sezibhekwa njalo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Abacwaningi baqopha izinhlobo ezikhona ngaphakathi kwendawo yokuhlala futhi balinganise imingcele efana nobubanzi besihlahla, ukuphakama kwesihlahla, kanye nesembozo sompheme. Le ndlela ivumela ukuhlaziywa kwezinguquko ekwakhiweni kwezinhlobo kanye nesakhiwo sendawo yokuhlala ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Ukuthwebula kabusha
Le ndlela ihilela ukubamba abantu abavela emphakathini othile, ukubamaka, bese bebabuyisela endaweni yabo yemvelo. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, ukuthunjwa kwenziwa ukuze kutholakale ukuthi bangaki abantu abathunjiwe kabusha. Ukuhlaziywa kwedatha yokuthunjwa kabusha kunganikeza ulwazi mayelana nosayizi wabantu, ukusatshalaliswa, kanye nokuguquguquka.
2. Ubuchwepheshe Bokuthola Kude
Amasathelayithi kanye Nokuzwa Okukude
Ukuzwa kude kwesathelayithi ubuchwepheshe obunamandla obuvumela abacwaningi ukuthi baqoqe idatha ngezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezivela ezindaweni eziphakeme. Izithombe zesathelayithi zingasetshenziswa ukuhlonza izinguquko ekumbozweni kwehlathi kanye nokuwohloka kwendawo yokuhlala. Ukuhlaziywa kwedatha ye-spectral evela kumasathelayithi kungasiza ekuhleleni ukusatshalaliswa kwezinhlobo zezitshalo nokuthola izinguquko ezibangelwa imisebenzi yabantu njengokugawula imithi noma imililo yehlathi.
I-Drone noma Imoto Yasemoyeni Engenamuntu (UAV)
Ama-drone, noma izimoto zasemoyeni ezingenamuntu, manje asetshenziswa kabanzi ukuhlola amahlathi asezindaweni ezishisayo ngokushesha nangokuphumelelayo. Ama-drone afakwe amakhamera noma izinzwa ezingakhiqiza izithombe ezinesinqumo esiphezulu kanye nedatha enemininingwane. Ukumapha ama-drone kwenza kube lula ukuhlonza izinhlobo, ukuhlolwa kwempilo yezihlahla, kanye nokutholakala kwezindawo okunzima ukuzifinyelela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-drone angaqapha izinguquko zesikhashana futhi athwebule izithombe kusuka kuma-engeli okunzima ukuwafinyelela kubantu.
3. Ibhayoloji Yamamolekyuli
Ikhodi yebha ye-DNA
Amasu okubhala ikhodi ye-DNA ahilela ukuthatha isampula encane kusampula, ukukhipha i-DNA, bese kuhlaziywa ukulandelana kwezakhi zofuzo ezithile ezihlukile kohlobo ngalunye. Le ndlela ivumela ukuhlonza izinhlobo ngokushesha nangokunembile kusukela ezinsaleleni ezincane, njengamaqabunga, izimpaphe, noma izingcezu zesikhumba. Ukubhala ikhodi ye-DNA kuwusizo kakhulu ekuboneni izinhlobo okunzima ukuzihlukanisa ngokusekelwe ku-morphology kuphela futhi kusiza emizamweni yokulondolozwa kwezinhlobo ezingavamile noma ezisanda kutholwa.
I-Metabarcoding kanye ne-eDNA
I-Metabarcoding ihilela ukuhlaziya i-DNA ethathwe kumasampula emvelo, njengenhlabathi noma amanzi, aqukethe izinto zofuzo ezivela ezintweni eziphilayo ezahlukahlukene. I-DNA ene-electron-coated (i-eDNA) ivumela ukutholwa kwezinhlobo ngaphandle kwesidingo sokubuka noma ukubamba ngqo. Le ndlela iyasebenza ekuboneni ubukhona bezinhlobo zasemanzini, izinambuzane, ngisho nezilwane ezincelisayo ngaphandle kokuhlasela.
4. Indlela Yomsindo
Ukuqoshwa Komsindo
Amasu okuqapha i-acoustic ahilela ukufaka amadivayisi okurekhoda umsindo ezindaweni ezahlukene ehlathini ukuze kuthathwe imisindo yezilwane, ikakhulukazi izinyoni, amaxoxo, nezilwane ezincane ezincelisayo. Ukuhlaziywa kwalokhu kuqoshwa komsindo kunganikeza idatha ngokuba khona kanye nomsebenzi wezinhlobo ezithile, kanye nezinguquko emphakathini we-acoustic. Ubuchwepheshe bokuqaphela inkulumo ngokuzenzakalela bungasetshenziswa futhi ukuhlonza izinhlobo ngokusekelwe ekukhulumeni kwazo okuhlukile.
sonar
I-Sonar ubuchwepheshe obusebenzisa amaza omsindo ukuthola izinto emanzini. Le ndlela ivame ukusetshenziswa ezifundweni zezinhlobo zasemanzini nezinto eziphilayo ezitholakala ngaphansi komhlaba. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-sonar ekuqapheni ukuhlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo kungaveza ukusabalala kanye nobuningi bezinhlobo zezinhlanzi kanye nezilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle ezifana namahlengethwa kanye nemikhomo.
5. Amasu Okuthwebula Izithombe
Isicupho Sekhamera
Izicupho zamakhamera, noma izicupho zamakhamera, zingamadivayisi azenzakalelayo afakwe ezindaweni zemvelo futhi asebenza ngokunyakaza kwezilwane noma ukushisa komzimba. Lawa makhamera avumela ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kwezilwane zasendle ngaphandle kokuba khona kwabantu, ngaleyo ndlela kunciphisa ukuphazamiseka kokuziphatha kwazo kwemvelo. Izithombe namavidiyo avelayo ahlinzeka ngedatha ngokuba khona, umsebenzi, kanye nokuziphatha kwezinhlobo, kanye nezikhathi zazo zokusebenza kakhulu.
Izithombe Zasemoyeni
Ukuthwebula izithombe emoyeni kusetshenziswa amabhaluni, izindiza ezinophephela emhlane, noma izindiza ezilula kungenye indlela esetshenziswa ekuqapheni ukuhlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo. Izithombe noma amavidiyo athathwe emoyeni anganikeza umbono jikelele wesakhiwo sendawo yokuhlala futhi asize ekudwebeni imephu yezitshalo kanye nokutholakala kwezindawo zokuhlala zezinhlobo ezithile.
6. Ukubuka Okuqondile Nokuhlanganyela
Ukuqaphela
Ukubuka ngqo kwabacwaningi kulo mkhakha kuyindlela yakudala esasetshenziswa kabanzi ezifundweni ezahlukahlukene zemvelo. Ukuhamba emahlathini noma ukusungula izikhala zokubuka ezindaweni eziqondiwe kuvumela abacwaningi ukuthi babone ukuziphatha, ukusebenzisana, kanye nokuguquguquka kwenani lezinhlobo zasendle. Amanothi asensimini kanye namajenali okubuka ahlinzeka ngemininingwane ebalulekile yokuhlaziya izitayela kanye nezinguquko ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo.
Ukuhlanganyela Komphakathi Wendawo
Ukubandakanya imiphakathi yendawo ezinhlelweni zokuqapha kuyindlela ephumelelayo yokongiwa kwemvelo kwesikhathi eside. Ulwazi lwendabuko kanye nokubandakanyeka komphakathi okusebenzayo kungathuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokuqapha futhi kwakha ukuqwashisa kanye nokusekelwa kokongiwa kwemvelo. Izindlela zokubamba iqhaza zingafaka ukuqeqeshwa komphakathi ngamasu okuhlola, ukuqoqwa kwedatha, kanye nokuzibandakanya kumaphrojekthi okongiwa kwemvelo.
Isiphetho
Ukuqapha ukuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo emahlathini asezindaweni ezishisayo kuwumsebenzi oyinkimbinkimbi odinga indlela ehlukahlukene kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezindlela ezahlukahlukene. Amasu okuqapha asebenzayo asiza ekwembuleni ukuguquguquka kwemvelo, ukuhlonza izinsongo, kanye nokunquma amasu okulondolozwa afanele. Ukuhlanganiswa kocwaningo lwendabuko lwasensimini, ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe, kanye nokubamba iqhaza komphakathi wendawo kuyisihluthulelo sokuqapha nokulondolozwa kwezinhlobo zezinhlobo emahlathini asezindaweni ezishisayo ngempumelelo. Ngale mizamo, singaqinisekisa ukusimama kanye nenhlalakahle yezindawo zemvelo zasemahlathini asezindaweni ezishisayo kanye nezinto eziphilayo ezithembele kuzo.
