Indlela Yokuphatha Umjovo Wangaphakathi Kwekhala
Ukugoma kungenye yezindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu zempilo yomphakathi zokuvimbela izifo ezithathelwanayo. Kuze kube manje, umphakathi ubujwayelene kakhulu nemijovo enikezwa ngomjovo, nge-intramuscular noma ngaphansi kwesikhumba. Kodwa-ke, ngokuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe kanye nesidingo sezindlela zokugoma ezilula kakhudlwana, kuye kwavela ezinye izindlela zokuphatha imijovo ngendlela ye-mucosal, enye yazo okuwukugoma kwangaphakathi kwekhala. Indlela yokuphatha imijovo yangaphakathi kwekhala ayigcini nje ngokunikeza ukulula kodwa futhi inezinzuzo ze-immunological ngoba ingakhuthaza amasosha omzimba endawo endleleni yokuphefumula, okuvame ukuba yindawo yokuqala yokungena kwamagciwane ahlukahlukene. Lesi sihloko sixoxa ngomqondo, izinzuzo, izinkomba, ukulungiselela, izinyathelo zobuchwepheshe, nezinto okufanele uzicabangele lapho uphatha imijovo yangaphakathi kwekhala.
Ukuqonda Imithi Yokugomela Engaphakathi Kwekhala
Imijovo yangaphakathi kwempumulo inikezwa ngembobo yamakhala kusetshenziswa isifutho noma amaconsi. Le ndlela isebenzisa i-mucosa yamakhala, ecebile ngemithambo yegazi kanye nezicubu ze-lymphoid, okuvumela ama-antigen okugoma ukuthi aqalise impendulo yomzimba. Ngokungafani nemijovo yokugoma, ekhuthaza kakhulu ukuzivikela komzimba (isib. i-IgG egazini), imijovo yangaphakathi kwempumulo ivame ukukhuthaza ukuzivikela komzimba, njenge-secretory IgA, edlala indima ebalulekile ekuvimbeleni izifo zokuphefumula.
Ezinye izibonelo zemithi yokugomela engaphakathi kwempumulo eyaziwa emhlabeni wonke umuthi wokugomela umkhuhlane ophilayo oncishisiwe (i-LAIV) otholakala emazweni amaningana, kanye neminye imithi yokugomela engaphakathi kwempumulo engaba khona yezifo zokuphefumula ezisathuthukiswa.
Izinzuzo kanye nezinzuzo
Indlela yangaphakathi kwekhala inezinzuzo eziningana ezenza kube inketho ekhangayo:
1. Ayihlaseli futhi ayinabuhlungu
Ngenxa yokuthi ayinayo inaliti, le ndlela ivame ukwamukeleka kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ezinganeni noma kubantu abesaba imijovo.
2. Khulisa ukuthobela imigomo yokugoma
Ukulula kokuphathwa kungasiza ekwandiseni ukumbozwa kokugoma emphakathini, ikakhulukazi ezimweni zomkhankaso omkhulu.
3. Kuvuselela amasosha omzimba e-mucosal
Izifo zokuphefumula zivame ukuqala ku-mucosa. Ngokuqala i-IgA, imijovo yangaphakathi kwempumulo inamandla okusebenza kangcono ekuvimbeleni ukuhlangana kwamagciwane.
4. Kungenzeka ukunciphisa ukudluliswa
Ukuzivikela kwasendaweni ekhaleni nasendleleni yokuphefumula ephezulu kunganciphisa ukuzalana kwamagciwane, ngaleyo ndlela kuvimbele ukudluliselwa phakathi kwabantu ngabanye.
5. Kulula ngezinhlelo ezinkulu zokugoma
Ukuphathwa ngaphakathi kwempumulo kungenziwa ngokushesha, ngemishini elula, futhi kunciphisa ingozi yokulimala kwenaliti.
Ukulinganiselwa kanye Nezinselele
Nakuba kuthembisa, imithi yokugomela ekhaleni nayo inemikhawulo:
– Kuthonywa yizimo zamakhala, njengomkhuhlane onzima, ukuminyana, noma i-rhinitis engalawuleki ye-allergy, ukuze ukumuncwa kwe-antigen kunciphe.
– Ukuqina kwemithi yokugoma, eminye imithi idinga indawo yokugcina ekhethekile ukuze ihlale isebenza kahle.
– Ingozi yemiphumela emibi yendawo, njengokucasuka kwamakhala, ukuthimula, noma ukuminyana kwekhala okwesikhashana.
– Akuzona zonke izindlela zokugoma ezifanelekela umgudu we-mucosal, ngakho-ke ukuthuthukiswa kwazo kudinga ukwakheka okuthile kanye nobuchwepheshe obusizayo.
Izinkomba Ezijwayelekile kanye Nezingqinamba
Izinkomba ezithile zihlala zilandela iziqondiso zomkhiqizo kanye neziphathimandla zezempilo. Kodwa-ke, ngokuvamile, imijovo yangaphakathi kwekhala isetshenziselwa ukuvimbela izifo ezingena ngendlela yokuphefumula.
Izimo zokuphikisana noma zokuqapha zingafaka:
– Ukuzwela okukhulu kunoma iyiphi ingxenye yomjovo.
– Ukucindezeleka okukhulu kwamasosha omzimba (ikakhulukazi emithini yokugomela ephilayo encishisiwe).
– Izinkinga ezinkulu zomzimba wekhala noma ukuphuma kwegazi ekhaleni.
– Kwezinye izinhlobo zemithi yokugoma, ukukhulelwa noma izifo ezithile kungaba yizinto ezibalulekile okufanele uzicabangele.
Ngenxa yokuthi izinhlobo zemithi yokugoma ziyahlukahluka, abasebenzi bezempilo kumele babheke ipheshana/incwajana yomkhiqizo kanye neziqondiso zikazwelonke ngaphambi kokunikeza.
Ukulungiselela Ngaphambi Kokupha
Impumelelo yendlela yokwelapha ngaphakathi kwempumulo incike ekulungiseleleni okufanele. Izinyathelo zokulungiselela zifaka:
1. Ukuhlolwa kwabathola umuthi wokugoma
Buza ngomlando we-allergies, izifo eziyingozi, ukusetshenziswa kwemithi yokucindezela amasosha omzimba, nokuthi ngabe umuntu othola lesi sifo ubhekene nokuminyana okukhulu kwamakhala okwamanje.
2. Imfundo emfushane
Chaza ukuthi umuthi wokugoma uzonikezwa ngekhala nokuthi kungase kube nokungakhululeki okuncane, ukuthimula, noma impumulo egobhozayo. Ukufundisa kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukubambisana kwabathola umuthi.
3. Geza izandla zakho kanye nemishini yokuzivikela
Hlakulela inhlanzeko yezandla ngokwezindinganiso. Sebenzisa i-PPE efanele ingozi, ikakhulukazi uma uyinikeza ngesikhathi sokuqubuka kwesifo sokuphefumula.
4. Ukuhlolwa komjovo
Qinisekisa ukuthi umuthi wokugoma ungowohlobo olufanele, umthamo, usuku lokuphelelwa yisikhathi, ukupakishwa kusesimweni esihle, futhi uchungechunge olubandayo luyagcinwa uma kudingeka.
5. Lungisa amathuluzi
Umuthi wokugoma uvame ukupakishwa kumshini wokufutha osetshenziswa kanye kuphela. Qiniseka ukuthi umlomo uhlanzekile futhi awuvalekile.
Indlela Yokuphatha Umjovo Wangaphakathi Kwekhala
Lokhu okulandelayo kuyizimiso zobunjiniyela ezivame ukusetshenziswa. Imininingwane ingahluka kuye ngomkhiqizo wokugoma.
1. Indawo yomuntu othola umuthi wokugoma
Umuntu othola lesi sifo kufanele ahlale eqonde ikhanda lakhe ligobile kancane emuva noma endaweni engathathi hlangothi. Gwema ukugobileka kakhulu emuva, njengoba lokhu kungabangela ukuthi uketshezi luphume emphinjeni futhi kunciphise ukwakheka kwe-mucosa yamakhala.
2. Ukulungiswa komgodi wekhala
Uma kukhona ukuphuma kwamanzi ekhaleni ngokweqile, umuntu othola umuthi angacelwa ukuba ashaye ikhala lakhe kancane ngaphambi kokunikeza umuthi wokugoma. Kodwa-ke, ungawuniseli ekhaleni ngokushesha ngaphambi kokuwugoma, ngoba kungacasula ulwelwesi lwamafinyila.
3. Indlela yokubamba i-applicator
Bamba umshini wokufaka njengepensela, ugcine isandla sakho siqinile. Qinisekisa ukuthi umlomo ubheke ekhaleni, kodwa hhayi ngokujulile ukuze ugweme ukulimala.
4. Isiqondiso sokufafaza
Qondisa umlomo kancane eceleni (ngangaphandle) ulandela ukwakheka komgodi wempumulo, kunokuba uqonde ngqo ku-septum (ingxenye ephakathi ehlukanisa ikhala). Lokhu kunciphisa ingozi yokucasuka futhi kuthuthukise ukusabalala kwe-conchae/mucosa.
5. Ukuphathwa kwesilinganiso
Futha umuthi wokugoma ngokwesilinganiso esinqunyiwe. Eminye imikhiqizo ihlukanisa umthamo ube yizimpumulo zombili (isibonelo, uhhafu womthamo ohlangothini ngalunye). Uma ufafaza, cela umuntu othola umuthi ukuba aphefumule ngendlela evamile; asikho isidingo sokuphefumula kakhulu, njengoba lokhu kungabangela ukuthi umuthi wokugoma ungene emphinjeni.
6. Ngemva kokufutha
Cela umuntu othola umuthi ahlale eqonde imizuzwana embalwa. Gwema ukushaya impumulo ngokushesha ngemva kokunikeza umuthi wokugoma ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umuthi wokugoma uhlala uthintana nolwelwesi lwamafinyila. Uma umuntu othola umuthi ethimula, ngokuvamile asikho isidingo sokuphinda umthamo ngaphandle kokuthi uyalelwe ngokuqondile ngumkhiqizi.
Ukuqapha Nokuphathwa Kwemiphumela Engemihle
Ngemva kokugonywa, abathola umuthi bayalulekwa ukuba balinde imizuzu eyi-15-30 yokubheka, ngokwenqubomgomo yesikhungo sezempilo, ukuze bavimbele ukusabela kokungezwani komzimba. Imiphumela emibi engaba khona ihlanganisa:
– Impumulo egobhozayo noma evalekile okwesikhashana
- Ukuthimula
- Ikhanda elibuhlungu elincane
– Umphimbo obuhlungu kancane
– Umkhuhlane omncane (kuye ngohlobo lomjovo)
Ukusabela okukhulu njenge-anaphylaxis akuvamile, kodwa kufanele kulindelwe uma kutholakala imithi ephuthumayo kanye nezinqubo zokudlulisela.
Izinto Okufanele Uziqaphele Ekuzilolongeni
1. Ukungaguquguquki kobuchwepheshe
Indlela yokufutha engafanele inganciphisa ukusebenza kahle komjovo. Ukuqeqeshwa kwabasebenzi kubalulekile.
2. Ukuphathwa kwe-logistics
Qinisekisa ukuthi izinga lokushisa lokugcina liyagcinwa. Eminye imigomo ye-mucosal iyazwela ekushintsheni kwezinga lokushisa.
3. Izimo zemvelo
Ukwelashwa kufanele kwenziwe endaweni enomoya omuhle, ikakhulukazi uma umuntu othola lesi sifo esengozini yokuthimula noma ukukhwehlela.
4. Ukuqopha
Qaphela uhlobo lomjovo, inombolo yeqoqo, usuku lokuphathwa, kanye nemicimbi emibi ngemva kokugonywa (i-AEFI) uma ikhona.
Isiphetho
Indlela yokulethwa komjovo wangaphakathi kwempumulo iyinto entsha ethokozisayo ngoba ayihlaseli, ikhululekile kakhudlwana, futhi iyakwazi ukukhuthaza ukuzivikela komzimba emgudwini wokuphefumula. Impumelelo yale ndlela incike ekulungiseleleni okuhle, ukukhetha okufanele komuthi, kanye nendlela efanele yokujova, okuhlanganisa isikhundla sekhanda, isiqondiso se-nozzle, kanye nokusatshalaliswa komthamo, uma kudingeka. Naphezu kwezinselele ezifana nomthelela wezimo zempumulo kanye nemiphumela emibi engaba khona yendawo, imijovo yangaphakathi kwempumulo inamandla okudlala indima ebalulekile ekuvimbeleni izifo zokuphefumula, ikakhulukazi ezinhlelweni zokugoma ezidinga indlela esheshayo, ephephile, neyamukelwa kabanzi.
Uma udinga lesi sihloko ngefomethi yejenali yesayensi (enezingcaphuno), noma ungathanda ukuthi silungiswe ukuze sisetshenziswe ezintweni zokuqeqesha ezempilo, ngingakusiza ukuthi usihlanganise.
