Umphumela Wezithasiselo Ekudleni Kwezilwane
Izithako zokudla kwezilwane ziyizithako ezengeziwe ezingezwe ngamabomu ekudleni ukuze kuthuthukiswe ikhwalithi, kwandiswe isikhathi sokuphila eshalofini, kwandiswe inani lokudla okunomsoco, noma kusekelwe impilo nokusebenza kwemfuyo nezilwane ezifuywayo. Embonini yezilwane yanamuhla, ukusetshenziswa kwezithako zokudla kuyingxenye ebalulekile yokuphathwa kokukhiqiza ngoba kungathinta ukukhula, ukusebenza kahle kokudla, ukusebenza kwamasosha omzimba, ngisho nekhwalithi yemikhiqizo efana nenyama, ubisi, namaqanda. Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa kwezithako kudinga nokuqonda okufanele ukuze kuthuthukiswe izinzuzo nokuphatha izingozi.
Incazelo kanye nenhloso yokusebenzisa izithasiselo zokudla
Ngokuvamile, izithasiselo zokudla zifaka phakathi ama-compounds noma ama-microorganisms afakwe ngamanani athile ekudleni, kungaba ngezinjongo zokudla okunempilo noma okungezona ezokudla okunempilo. Izinhloso eziyinhloko zifaka: (1) ukuthuthukisa ukunambitha (ukunambitheka/iphunga lokudla), (2) ukugcina ikhwalithi yokudla ekulimaleni, (3) ukuthuthukisa ukugayeka kokudla kanye nokumuncwa kwezakhamzimba, (4) ukuvimbela izifo ezithile noma izinkinga zempilo, kanye (5) ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kokukhiqiza njengokuzuza isisindo, ukukhiqizwa kwamaqanda, noma ukukhiqizwa kobisi.
Ezifuyweni ezifuywayo njengezinkomo nezimbuzi, izithasiselo zingahloswa ukuthuthukisa ukubiliswa kwe-rumen. Okwamanje, ezinkukhu nasezingulubeni, ukugxila kuvame ukuba sekwenzeni ngcono ukusebenza kahle kokudla, impilo yokugaya ukudla, kanye nokulawulwa kwezifo. Ezilwaneni ezifuywayo ezifana namakati nezinja, izithasiselo zigxile kakhulu empilweni yesikhumba noboya, impilo yokugaya ukudla, impilo yamalunga, kanye nempilo yesistimu yomzimba.
Izinhlobo Zezithasiselo Nemisebenzi Yazo
Izithasiselo zokudla kwezilwane zihlukahlukene kakhulu. Nazi ezinye zezigaba ezivame ukusetshenziswa kanye nemiphumela yazo:
1. Izithako zokulondoloza
Izithako zokugcina ukudla zisetshenziselwa ukuvimbela ukonakala kokudla okusheshayo ngenxa yomsebenzi wamagciwane, ukuwohloka kwamafutha, noma izimo zokugcina ezinomswakama. Izibonelo zifaka phakathi i-propionic acid, i-formic acid, kanye nama-antioxidants afana ne-BHA, i-BHT, noma i-tocopherol. Imiphumela yazo emihle ifaka phakathi ukwelula isikhathi sokudla, ukunciphisa ingozi yokungcoliswa kwesikhunta, kanye nokunciphisa ukulahlekelwa kwezomnotho. Kodwa-ke, izithako zokugcina ukudla kumele zisetshenziswe ngemithamo efanele, njengoba ukudlula ngokweqile kungathinta ukunambitheka noma kubangele ukucasuka endleleni yokugaya ukudla.
2. Ama-antibiotic kanye nezinye izindlela zawo
Kwezinye izinhlelo zokukhiqiza, ama-antibiotic asetshenziswe njengabagqugquzeli bokukhula. Imiphumela yawo ingandisa ukukhula nokuguqulwa kokudla ngokucindezela amabhaktheriya abangela izifo. Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwama-antibiotic kuyingozi ekuveleni kokumelana nama-antimicrobial, okusongela impilo yezilwane kanye nabantu. Ngakho-ke, amazwe amaningi aqinise noma avimbele ukusetshenziswa kwama-antibiotic njengabagqugquzeli bokukhula, futhi imboni iphendukela kwezinye izindlela ezifana nama-probiotic, ama-prebiotic, ama-synbiotic, ama-organic acid, kanye nama-phytogenics.
3. Ama-Probiotic, Ama-Prebiotic, kanye nama-Synbiotic
Ama-probiotic ayizilokazane eziphilayo ezizuzisayo (isib. i-Lactobacillus, i-Bacillus, i-Saccharomyces) ezisiza ukulinganisela i-microbiota yamathumbu. Ama-prebiotic ayizindwangu noma ama-substrate asekela ukukhula kwamagciwane azuzisayo (isib. i-MOS, i-FOS). Ama-Synbiotic ayinhlanganisela yalokhu okubili. Imiphumela yawo ihlanganisa impilo yokugaya ukudla ethuthukisiwe, ukuzivikela komzimba okuthuthukisiwe, ukuncipha kohudo, kanye nokusebenza kahle kokudla okuthuthukisiwe. Ezinkukhu, lezi zithasiselo zivame ukusiza ekucindezeleni ukwakheka kwamagciwane anjenge-Salmonella ne-Clostridium.
4. Ama-enzyme Okuphakelayo
Ama-enzyme anjenge-phytase, i-xylanase, i-beta-glucanase, kanye ne-protease ayengezwa ukuze kuhlukaniswe izingxenye zokudla okunzima ukuzigaya. I-Phytase, isibonelo, isiza ukukhulula i-phosphorus ku-phytate ezithakweni zokudla ezisekelwe ezitshalweni, ngaleyo ndlela ithuthukise ukumuncwa kwamaminerali futhi inciphise ukungcola kwemvelo okuvela ku-phosphorus emqubeni. Imiphumela emihle ifaka phakathi ukugaywa okuthuthukisiwe, ukusebenza kokukhula, kanye nokonga izindleko ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kokudla okuphumelelayo.
5. Amaminerali, Amavithamini, kanye Nezithasiselo Zokudla Okunomsoco
Amavithamini (A, D, E, B complex) kanye namaminerali (calcium, phosphorus, zinc, selenium) avame ukwengezwa ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuntuleka. Imiphumela yawo icacile kumetabolism, ukukhula kwamathambo, ukuzala, kanye nesistimu yomzimba yokuzivikela. Kodwa-ke, ukungalingani kungaholela ezinkingeni. Isibonelo, ukweqisa kwamaminerali athile kungathwala izinso noma kuphazamise ukumuncwa kwezinye. Ngakho-ke, ukwakheka kokudla kumele kubhekane nezidingo ezithile ngokusekelwe ezinhlotsheni, ubudala, kanye nesigaba sokukhiqiza.
6. Isihlanganisi se-Mycotoxin
Ukudla okusekelwe kokusanhlamvu kusengozini yokungcoliswa yi-mycotoxins evela ku-fungi, njenge-aflatoxin, i-ochratoxin, ne-fumonisin. Ama-binder e-Mycotoxin (isb., i-bentonite, i-zeolite, noma imikhiqizo esekelwe odongeni lwe-yeast cell) anganciphisa umthelela walezi zinobuthi ngokuzibopha endleleni yokugaya ukudla. Lokhu kungabaluleka kakhulu ekuvimbeleni ukulimala kwesibindi, ukuncipha kwesifiso sokudla, ukukhula okuphazamisekile, kanye nokwehla kokukhiqizwa kobisi noma amaqanda.
7. Ama-flavour nama-sweeteners (Ama-flavour nama-sweeteners)
Lesi sithako sihlose ukuthuthukisa ukunambitheka, ikakhulukazi ekudleni kwezilwane ezincane noma izilwane ezicindezelekile ngemva kokuhamba. Umthelela waso oyinhloko ukwanda kokusetshenziswa kokudla, okuhlobene ngqo nokukhula nokululama. Kodwa-ke, kwezinye izimo, ukudla "okufihliwe" kakhulu ngokunambitheka kungenza kube nzima kubanikazi noma kubafuyi ukubona izinguquko ekhwalithini yezinto zokusetshenziswa eziwohlokayo empeleni.
Umphumela Wezithasiselo Empilweni Yezilwane
Ngokuvamile, izithasiselo ezisetshenziswa ngendlela efanele zingathuthukisa impilo yezilwane ngezindlela ezintathu: ukuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yokudla, ukuqinisa uhlelo lokugaya ukudla, nokukhulisa uhlelo lokuzivikela komzimba. Ama-probiotic nama-organic acid, isibonelo, angadala indawo yamathumbu ezinzile, athuthukise ukumuncwa kwezakhamzimba futhi anciphise ingozi yokutheleleka. Izithako zokuvikela kanye nezihlanganisi ze-mycotoxin zisiza ukuvimbela izinkinga zempilo ezibangelwa ukudla okonakele noma okungcolile.
Kodwa-ke, imiphumela emibi ingenzeka uma izithasiselo zisetshenziswa ngokungalawulwa. Imithamo engalungile, ukusebenzisana okungacatshangwanga phakathi kwezithako, noma izithasiselo zekhwalithi ephansi kungaholela ekunciphiseni kokudla, ubuthi, ukuphazamiseka kwe-metabolic, ngisho nezinsalela eziyingozi emikhiqizweni yezilwane. Ngakho-ke, ukuphepha kokudla kuyinto ebalulekile, ikakhulukazi ezilwaneni okufanele zidliwe.
Umthelela Ekukhiqizeni kanye Nekhwalithi Yomkhiqizo
Ukusetshenziswa kwezithasiselo zokudla ngokuvamile kuhloswe ukwandisa ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza. Ama-enzyme nama-probiotic angathuthukisa ukuguqulwa kokudla, okuvumela imfuyo ukuthi idinge ukudla okuncane ukuze ithole isisindo esifanayo. Ezinkomeni zobisi, izithasiselo ezithile zingasiza ekugcineni ukukhiqizwa kobisi, ukugcina ibhalansi yamandla, nokunciphisa ingozi yokuphazamiseka kwe-metabolic. Ezinkukhuni ezizalayo, izithasiselo zokudla zingaqinisa ikhwalithi yegobolondo futhi zithuthukise ukuqina kokukhiqizwa kwamaqanda.
Kodwa-ke, ukukhiqizwa okwengeziwe kumele kulinganiswe nokuphathwa okuhle. Ukudla akusikho ukuphela kwesici: ukuhlanzeka kwesibaya, umoya ongenisa umoya, ikhwalithi yamanzi okuphuza, ubuningi bamasheya, kanye nezinhlelo zokugoma konke kunquma umphumela wokugcina. Izithasiselo zokudla zisebenza kahle kakhulu uma ziyingxenye yesistimu yokunakekela ehlanganisiwe.
Izici Zokusebenzisa Zokulawula Nezokuziphatha
Ukusetshenziswa kwezithasiselo kulawulwa yimithethonqubo ehlukene ezweni ngalinye, ikakhulukazi maqondana nama-antibiotic, ama-hormone, kanye nemikhawulo yezinsalela. Ngokwesiko, imboni yezilwane iyadingeka ukuthi ibeke phambili impilo yezilwane kanye nokuphepha kwabathengi. Imikhuba yamanje yomhlaba wonke ihlose ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwama-antibiotic kanye nokwandisa ukusetshenziswa kwezithasiselo zemvelo noma ezisekelwe kumagciwane eziphephile, ngaphandle kokubeka engcupheni umkhiqizo.
Kubalimi bemfuyo, kubalulekile ukusebenzisa izithasiselo ezibhalisiwe, ezinelebula elicacile ezineziqondiso zomthamo. Kunconywa kakhulu ukubonisana nodokotela wezilwane noma uchwepheshe wezokudla, ikakhulukazi ekukhiqizweni okukhulu noma lapho kuvela izinkinga zempilo eziphindaphindayo.
Isiphetho
Izithasiselo zokudla kwezilwane zithinta kakhulu ikhwalithi yokudla, impilo yezilwane, ukukhiqiza, kanye nokuphepha kwemikhiqizo yezilwane kubantu. Izithasiselo, ama-probiotic, ama-enzyme, amavithamini namaminerali, izihlanganisi ze-mycotoxin, kanye nezinongo zinganikeza izinzuzo ezibalulekile uma zisetshenziswa ngendlela efanele nangendlela elinganisiwe. Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa okungafanele kungadala izingozi ezifana nezinkinga zempilo, ukumelana namagciwane, noma izinkinga zezinsalela emikhiqizweni yezilwane. Ngakho-ke, ukukhetha uhlobo lokwengeza kufanele kusekelwe ezidingweni ezithile zesilwane, ikhwalithi yezithako zokudla, izinhloso zokukhiqiza, kanye nokuhambisana nezindinganiso zomthetho. Ngendlela efanele, izithasiselo zingaba ithuluzi elibalulekile ekusekeleni ukulima kwezilwane okuphumelelayo, okunempilo, nokuqhubekayo.
