Ucwaningo Lwezemithi Yezilwane
I-Pendahuluan
I-Veterinary pharmacology iyigatsha lesayensi eligxile ekusetshenzisweni kwemithi ekwelapheni, ekuvimbeleni, nasekulawuleni izifo ezilwaneni. Lolu cwaningo luhlanganisa ucwaningo lwezindlela zokwenza imithi, ukusebenzisana kwemithi, imithamo ephumelelayo, kanye nemiphumela emibi engaba khona. Njengakubantu, ukwelashwa ezilwaneni kudinga ukuqonda okujulile kwe-pharmacokinetics kanye ne-pharmacodynamics yemithi enikezwayo. Lesi sihloko sihlose ukuchaza izici ezibalulekile ze-veterinary pharmacology kanye nokubaluleka kwayo emisebenzini yesimanje yezilwane.
Incazelo ye-Veterinary Drug Pharmacology
I-pharmacology yemithi yezilwane ibhekana nesayensi yemithi esetshenziswa ezilwaneni ngezinjongo zokuxilonga, zokwelapha, kanye nokuvimbela. Lolu cwaningo luhilela ukuqonda okuphelele kokuthi imithi ithinta kanjani izinhlelo zebhayoloji yezilwane, ukumuncwa kwazo, ukusatshalaliswa kwazo, imetabolism, kanye nokususwa kwazo, kanye nendlela yokuqinisekisa ukwelashwa kwemithi okuphephile nokusebenzayo.
Indlela Yokusebenza Kwezidakamizwa
Umuthi ngamunye unendlela yokusebenza ehlukile, ethonya indlela osebenza ngayo nokuthi usebenza kuphi emzimbeni. Indlela yokusebenza komuthi ingabandakanya ukusebenzisana nama-receptor athile kumaseli, ukuvinjelwa kwama-enzyme, noma izinguquko ezinqubweni ezithile zomzimba neze-biochemical. Isibonelo, ama-antibiotic afana ne-penicillin asebenza ngokuvimbela ukwakheka kodonga lwamaseli ebhaktheriya, ngaleyo ndlela abangele ukufa kwamagciwane.
Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi izindlela zokwenza izidakamizwa ezilwaneni azifani ngaso sonke isikhathi nabantu. Ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane zinezamukeli ezahlukene noma amanani ahlukene ama-enzyme e-metabolic, okungathinta ukusebenza kahle kwezidakamizwa nokuphepha kwazo. Ngakho-ke, ucwaningo oluqondene nezinhlobo lubalulekile ekhemisini lemithi yezilwane.
I-Pharmacokinetics
I-Pharmacokinetics ibhekisela endleleni umuthi odlula ngayo emzimbeni wesilwane, kusukela ekumuncweni, ekusabalaleni, ekugayweni kwe-metabolism, kuya ekukhishweni kwawo. Inqubo ngayinye ingathonywa ukwehluka phakathi kwezinhlobo, izimo zomzimba, kanye nezifo ezikhona.
Ukumunca
Ukumuncwa kuhlobene nendlela umuthi ongena ngayo egazini. Indlela yokuphathwa (ngomlomo, ngemithambo yegazi, ngemisipha, ngaphansi kwesikhumba, njll.) ingathinta izinga kanye nokutholakala kwemithi. Isibonelo, eminye imithi ingase isebenze kangcono uma iphathwa ngomjovo kunangemlomo ngenxa yokuwohloka kwama-enzyme okugaya ukudla.
Ukusatshalaliswa
Ngemva kokumuncwa, izidakamizwa zisatshalaliswa ezicutshini nasezithweni zomzimba ngegazi. Umthamo wokusatshalaliswa kwezidakamizwa ungahluka kuye ngohlobo lwamakhemikhali lomuthi, ukugeleza kwegazi ezicutshini ezithile, kanye nekhono lomuthi lokuwela izithiyo zebhayoloji ezifana nomgoqo wegazi nobuchopho.
I-Metabolism
Ukuguqulwa kwemithi kwenzeka ikakhulukazi esibindini ngesenzo sama-enzyme athile. Le nqubo ivumela izidakamizwa ukuthi ziguqulwe zibe izinhlobo ezikhishwa kalula. Kodwa-ke, ukuguqulwa kwemithi kungahluka phakathi kwezinhlobo. Isibonelo, amakati anekhono elilinganiselwe lokusebenzisa izidakamizwa ze-glucuronide, okwenza abe sengozini enkulu yokungenwa ubuthi yimithi ethile kunezinja noma abantu.
Eliminasi
Ukukhishwa kwemithi emzimbeni kwenzeka ikakhulukazi ngezinso (umchamo) kanye nesibindi (i-bile). Izici ezifana nokungasebenzi kahle kwezinso kanye nesibindi zingathinta ukukhishwa kwemithi futhi zidinga ukulungiswa komthamo.
I-Pharmacodynamics
I-Pharmacodynamics ibhekisela emiphumeleni yezinto eziphilayo yezidakamizwa kanye nezinqubo zama-molecule ezisekela leyo miphumela. Ku-pharmacology yezilwane, i-pharmacodynamics ihlanganisa izifundo ezifaka izimpendulo zezilwane kumithamo ethile, imingcele yokuphepha, kanye nemiphumela emibi engaba khona.
Impendulo Yomthamo
Impendulo kumthamo wemithi ingahluka phakathi kwezinhlobo zezilwane. Ukubeka ijika lempendulo yomthamo kusiza ekunqumeni umthamo osebenzayo ophansi kakhulu okhiqiza umphumela wokwelapha kanye nomthamo ophephile kakhulu ngaphandle kokubangela imiphumela emibi ebalulekile.
Umkhawulo Wokuphepha
Ukunquma umkhawulo wokuphepha kuyisici esibalulekile se-pharmacodynamics. Umkhawulo wokuphepha ububanzi obuphakathi komthamo wokwelapha osebenzayo kanye nomthamo obangela imiphumela enobuthi. Umkhawulo wokuphepha obanzi ufanelekile ngoba uvumela ukuguquguquka ekulungisweni komthamo ngaphandle kwengozi yobuthi.
Okuqhamuka uma udla imishanguzo
Yonke imithi inemiphumela emibi engaba khona okumele icatshangelwe lapho unikeza umuthi. Imiphumela emibi ingasukela kwencane, njengesicanucanu noma isiyezi, kuya kwengathi sína, njengokulimala kwesibindi noma izinkinga zenhliziyo. Ukufunda imiphumela emibi kuvumela odokotela bezilwane ukuthi baqaphe kangcono izimo zeziguli zabo futhi bangenelele uma kudingeka.
Ukusebenzisana Kwezidakamizwa
Ukusebenzisana kwezidakamizwa kungathinta ukusebenza kahle kanye nokuphepha kokwelashwa ngezidakamizwa. Lokhu kusebenzisana kungaba yi-pharmacokinetic (okuthinta ukumuncwa, ukusatshalaliswa, imetabolism, noma ukuqedwa komuthi) noma i-pharmacodynamic (okuthinta indlela yokusebenza noma ingozi yemiphumela emibi).
Ukusebenzisana kwe-Pharmacokinetic
Isibonelo, umuthi A ungandisa ukugaywa kwemithi B yisibindi, kunciphise ukugcwala komuthi B egazini futhi kunciphise ukusebenza kwawo.
Ukusebenzisana kwe-Pharmacodynamic
Izidakamizwa ezinezindlela ezifanayo zokusebenza zingase zikhiqize imiphumela eyengeziwe noma ehambisanayo, noma ngisho nephikisanayo. Isibonelo, izidakamizwa ezimbili ezinciphisa umfutho wegazi zingabangela ukwehla okukhulu komfutho wegazi.
Ukubaluleka Kwezifundo Zemithi Yezilwane
Izifundo zemithi yezilwane ngemithi yezilwane zibalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi izilwane zithola ukwelashwa okufanele nokuphumelelayo. Ucwaningo ngezinhlobo ezithile luvumela ukuqonda okungcono ukuthi imithi isebenza kanjani futhi luthuthukisa iziqondiso zomthamo.
Ukulawulwa Kwezifo Ezithelelanayo
Ukusebenzisa ama-antimicrobial agents asebenzayo asekelwe ezifundweni ze-pharmacological kuqinisekisa ukususwa kwamagciwane anezinsalela ezincane zemithi emikhiqizweni yezilwane ezingasetshenziswa ngabantu.
Inhlalakahle Yezilwane
I-pharmacology yemithi yezilwane idlala indima ebalulekile enhlalakahleni yezilwane, inikeza isiqondiso ekuphatheni ubuhlungu, ukuvuvukala, ukungezwani komzimba, kanye nezifo ezingamahlalakhona.
Ukuphepha Kokudla
Izinsalela zemithi emikhiqizweni yezilwane (inyama, ubisi, amaqanda) zingaba yingozi kubathengi babantu. Ngakho-ke, izifundo zemithi zicabangela izikhathi zokuhoxa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imikhiqizo yezilwane ayinazo izinsalela eziyingozi.
Isiphetho
I-pharmacology yemithi yezilwane iyisifundo esidinga ukuqonda izindlela zokusebenza kwemithi, i-pharmacokinetics, i-pharmacodynamics, kanye nokusebenzisana okungenzeka kwemithi. Lolu cwaningo lubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukwelashwa kwemithi okuphephile nokuphumelelayo ezilwaneni, ukuthuthukisa inhlalakahle yezilwane, kanye nokugcina ukuphepha kwemikhiqizo yezilwane kubathengi babantu. Ngocwaningo oluqhubekayo, i-pharmacology yemithi yezilwane izoqhubeka nokuthuthuka, ilethe izinzuzo ezibalulekile emhlabeni wezilwane kanye nomphakathi obanzi.
