Amagciwane Namabhaktheriya Abangela Ukutheleleka
Ukutheleleka yisimo lapho ama-microorganisms engena emzimbeni, aphindaphindeke, bese ebangela ukusabela kokuvuvukala noma ukuphazamisa ukusebenza kwezitho zomzimba. Izimbangela ezimbili ezivame ukuxoxwa ngazo zokutheleleka ama-virus nama-bacteria. Zombili zingabangela izifo, zisakazeke kusuka komunye umuntu ziye komunye, futhi zibangele ubhubhane. Kodwa-ke, indlela yabo yokuphila, indlela abahlasela ngayo umzimba, kanye nendlela abaphathwa ngayo iyahluka. Ukuqonda umehluko phakathi kwama-virus nama-bacteria kubalulekile ukuze kugwenywe imibono eyiphutha—isibonelo, ukucabanga ukuthi ama-antibiotic angelapha zonke izifo ezithathelwanayo, kanti empeleni awakwazi.
Iyini igciwane?
Ama-virus ayizinto ezincane kakhulu ezithelelanayo, ngisho nangaphansi kwamabhaktheriya. Ama-virus awawona amaseli aphilayo ngokugcwele, angenaso isakhiwo esiphelele samaseli futhi awakwazi ukuzala ngokwawo. Ukuze azale kabusha, ama-virus kumele angene esitokisini esiphethwe yi-host (iseli lomuntu, lesilwane, noma lesitshalo) futhi "asebenzise" imishini yalelo seli ukuze enze amakhophi awo.
Kalula nje, amagciwane ngokuvamile aqukethe:
– Izinto zofuzo (i-DNA noma i-RNA),
– I-Capsid (isikhumba seprotheyini),
– Kwezinye izinhlobo, kukhona i-lipid sheath (imvilophu) evela kulwelwesi lweseli lomsingathi.
Indlela amagciwane axhomeke ngayo kumaseli omuntu ohlala kuwo yenza ukutheleleka ngamagciwane kuvame ukuba nzima. Izimpawu zingaba mnene njengomkhuhlane, noma zibe zimbi njengomonakalo wezitho zomzimba noma izinkinga zesistimu yomzimba. Ngenxa yokuthi amagciwane asebenzisa amangqamuzana abantu ukuze azalane, imithi yokulwa namagciwane kumele ibe nomthelela omkhulu ekuvimbeleni igciwane ngaphandle kokulimaza amangqamuzana omuntu ohlala kuwo.
Izibonelo zokutheleleka ngegciwane
Izifo ezahlukahlukene ezaziwayo zibangelwa amagciwane, okuhlanganisa:
– Umkhuhlane (igciwane lomkhuhlane) ohlasela uhlelo lokuphefumula,
– I-COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) engabangela izinkinga zokuphefumula ezibangela izinkinga zomzimba,
– I-Hepatitis B kanye ne-C ezihlasela isibindi,
– Umkhuhlane we-dengue (igciwane le-dengue) udluliselwa omiyane,
– Isimungumungwane (igciwane lesimungumungwane) esithathelwana kakhulu,
– I-HIV ihlasela amasosha omzimba.
Izimpawu zokutheleleka ngamagciwane zivame ukufaka umkhuhlane, ubuthakathaka, izinhlungu zemisipha, ikhala eligobhozayo, ukukhwehlela, noma izinkinga zokugaya ukudla. Kodwa-ke, igciwane ngalinye linezimpawu nobunzima obuhlukile.
Ayini amabhaktheriya?
Ngokungafani namagciwane, amabhaktheriya ayizinto eziphilayo ezineseli elilodwa (prokaryotic) ezingaphila ngokuzimela. Amabhaktheriya anesakhiwo seseli, udonga lweseli, kanye nolwelwesi lweseli, futhi angazalana ngokuhlukana. Amabhaktheriya amaningi empeleni ayazuzisa, aze aphile ngokujwayelekile emzimbeni womuntu njenge-microbiota (isibonelo, emathunjini nasesikhumbeni), esiza ekugayeni noma ekuvikeleni izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane.
Kodwa-ke, amanye amabhaktheriya ayabangela izifo, okusho ukuthi angabangela izifo. Ukutheleleka kwamagciwane ngokuvamile kwenzeka lapho amabhaktheriya abangela izifo engena emzimbeni, anda, bese elimaza izicubu noma akhiqize ubuthi.
Izibonelo zokutheleleka ngamagciwane
Ukutheleleka okuvamile kwamagciwane kufaka phakathi:
– I-TB (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) ehlasela amaphaphu,
– Umphimbo obuhlungu ngenxa ye-Streptococcus pyogenes,
– I-pneumonia yebhaktheriya (isib. i-Streptococcus pneumoniae),
– Ukutheleleka komgudu womchamo (UTIs) kuvame ukubangelwa yi-Escherichia coli,
– I-Typhus (i-Salmonella typhi),
– I-Cholera (i-Vibrio cholerae) ebangela uhudo olunzima,
– Izifo zesikhumba ezifana namathumba abangelwa yi-Staphylococcus aureus.
Izimpawu zokutheleleka ngamagciwane zingafaka phakathi umkhuhlane, ubuhlungu bendawo, ukuvuvukala, ukuphuma kobomvu, ukukhwehlela okune-phlegm ejiyile, noma isifo sohudo. Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, amagciwane angangena egazini futhi abangele i-sepsis, isimo esiphuthumayo esisongela ukuphila.
Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwamagciwane namagciwane
Nakuba kokubili kungabangela ukutheleleka, umehluko phakathi kwalokhu kokubili ucacile impela:
1. Isakhiwo nendlela yokuphila
– Amagciwane: akuwona amaseli aphelele, kumele asebenzise amaseli aphethwe yiwo ukuze azale kabusha.
– Amabhaktheriya: amaseli aphilayo azimele, angazalana ngokwawo.
2. Ukusabela emithini
– Amagciwane: awasabeli kuma-antibiotic; amanye angelashwa ngemithi ethile yokulwa namagciwane.
– Amagciwane: ngokuvamile angelashwa ngama-antibiotic, yize uhlobo kanye nomthamo kumele kube okulungile.
3. Indlela yokusabalalisa
– Kokubili kungasakazeka ngamaconsi (ukukhwehlela/ukuthimula), ukuthintana ngqo, ukudla neziphuzo, igazi, ucansi, noma izinto ezithwala izifo ezifana nomiyane. Kodwa-ke, indlela yokudlulisela incike ohlotsheni lwegciwane.
4. Ukuvimbela
– Kokubili kungavinjelwa ngokuhlanzeka okuhle, ukuhlanzeka, kanye nokugoma (kwamagciwane athile). Imithi yokugoma itholakala kabanzi futhi isebenza kahle ezifweni eziningi ezibangelwa amagciwane, kodwa kukhona nemithi yokugoma yamagciwane afana ne-tetanus kanye ne-diphtheria.
Amagciwane namagciwane abangela kanjani izifo?
Indlela yokutheleleka ngegciwane
Amagciwane abangela izifo ngokuthi:
- Ngena emaseli omzimba,
- Ukuzikopisha ngokwakho,
– Kulimaza ngqo amaseli noma kubangele impendulo yomzimba esebenza ngokweqile,
– Kwezinye izimo, igciwane lingaqhubeka isikhathi eside futhi libangele izifo ezingamahlalakhona (isibonelo, i-hepatitis noma i-HIV).
Izinkinga zokutheleleka ngamagciwane zingabangelwa ukulimala kwezicubu, ukuvuvukala isikhathi eside, noma ukuncipha kokuzivikela komzimba, okungabangela ukutheleleka kwesibili kwamagciwane.
Indlela yokutheleleka ngamagciwane
Amabhaktheriya abangela izifo ngokusebenzisa:
- Ukwanda kwenani lamagciwane ezicutshini,
– Ukukhiqizwa kobuthi (ubuthi) obonakalisa amangqamuzana,
– Ukuhlasela kwezicubu okubangela ukuvuvukala nokwakheka kobomvu.
Amanye amabhaktheriya angakha ama-biofilms noma abe nama-capsule, okwenza kube nzima ukuthi amasosha omzimba akwazi ukuwaphatha. Lokhu kungenza futhi ukwelashwa kube nzima uma ama-antibiotic engakhethwanga ngendlela efanele.
Ukuxilongwa nokwelashwa: kungani ungamane uthathe ama-antibiotic?
Umbono ovamile oyiphutha ukuthi ama-antibiotic ayikhambi lazo zonke izifo. Kodwa-ke, ama-antibiotic asebenza kuphela ngokumelene namagciwane, hhayi amagciwane. Ukusetshenziswa okungafanele kwama-antibiotic—ngokwesibonelo, umkhuhlane ovamile, ovame ukubangelwa amagciwane—kungaholela ekumelaneni nama-antibiotic, isimo lapho ama-bacteria eba sengozini yokumelana nomuthi.
Ukumelana nama-antibiotic kuyinkinga yomhlaba wonke ngoba kwenza ukutheleleka kwamagciwane okwakulula ukwelapha kube nzima ukwelapha. Ngenxa yalokho, iziguli zingadinga ama-antibiotic aqinile futhi abizayo anemiphumela emibi emikhulu, futhi zize zibe sengozini yokwehluleka kokwelashwa.
Ukuze kutholakale imbangela yokutheleleka, izisebenzi zezempilo zingasebenzisa:
- Ukuhlolwa kwezokwelapha kanye nomlando wezokwelapha,
– Ukuhlolwa kwegazi (isib. izimpawu zokuvuvukala),
– Ukuhlolwa kwe-Swab kanye ne-PCR kwamagciwane athile,
– Ukukhula kwamagciwane egazini, emchameni, noma esikhwehleni,
– Ukuhlolwa kwemisebe njenge-X-ray uma kusolwa ukuthi kukhona ukutheleleka emaphashini.
Ukwelashwa okufanele kuncike embangela:
– Ukutheleleka ngegciwane: ukuphumula, uketshezi olwanele, imithi enezimpawu (inciphisa umkhuhlane), kanye nemithi yokulwa namagciwane uma ikhona futhi idingeka.
– Ukutheleleka ngamagciwane: ama-antibiotic njengoba kubonisiwe, isikhathi esifanele sokwelashwa, kanye nokuqapha izimpawu.
Ukuvimbela ukutheleleka empilweni yansuku zonke
Izindlela zokuvimbela ezisebenzayo zokunciphisa ingozi yokutheleleka ngamagciwane namagciwane zifaka:
1. Geza izandla zakho ngensipho namanzi agobhozayo, ikakhulukazi ngaphambi kokudla nangemva kokuya endlini yangasese.
2. Indlela yokuziphatha yokukhwehlela nokuthimula ngokumboza umlomo/impumulo yakho usebenzisa izicubu noma ingaphakathi lendololwane yakho.
3. Yidla ukudla okuhlanzekile nokuphekiwe, bese uphuza amanzi aphephile.
4. Gcina inhlanzeko yemvelo kanye nokuhlanzeka okuhle.
5. Ukugoma ngokwesimiso (isib. ukugoma kwezingane, ukugoma komkhuhlane, ukugoma kwesibindi, neminye njengoba kunconywa).
6. Gqoka imaski futhi ugweme ukusondelana uma ugula, ikakhulukazi uma unezifo zokuphefumula.
7. Sebenzisa ama-antibiotic ngokuhlakanipha, kuphela ngokusekelwe ku-kadokotela noma izincomo ezivela kuchwepheshe wezempilo.
I-Penutup
Amagciwane namabhaktheriya yizimbangela ezimbili eziyinhloko zokutheleleka kubantu, kodwa anezimpawu ezahlukene, izindlela zokuhlasela umzimba, kanye nokwelashwa. Amagciwane adinga amangqamuzana ahlala kuwo ukuthi azale futhi awakwazi ukwelashwa ngama-antibiotic, kuyilapho amagciwane eyizinto eziphilayo ezizimele ezingelashwa ngama-antibiotic uma esetshenziswa ngendlela efanele. Ngokuqonda lo mehluko, umphakathi ungaba nolwazi oluthe xaxa ekuphenduleni izifo ezithelelanayo: ukuthatha izinyathelo zokuvimbela, ukugwema ukwethuka, kanye nokugwema ukusebenzisa imithi ngokungakhethi. Imfundo, inhlanzeko, kanye nokugoma kusalokhu kuyisihluthulelo sokuvimbela ukusabalala kwezifo ezithelelanayo emphakathini.
