Ukuphathwa Kwezibeletho Ezimweni Zokufa Kwangaphambi Kokuzalwa
I-Pendahuluan
Ukufa ngaphambi kokubeletha kuyinkomba ebalulekile yokuhlola ikhwalithi yezinsizakalo zezempilo zikamama nosana. Lesi sigameko asigcini nje ngokuthinta isimo somzimba sikamama kodwa futhi nezici zengqondo, zenhlalo, nezingokomoya zomndeni. Ekwenzeni kokubeletha, ukufa ngaphambi kokubeletha kudinga ukuphathwa okuphelele, okunozwela, nokusekelwe ebufakazini, kusukela ekuvimbeleni nasekuhlonzeni izinto eziyingozi kuya ekuphathweni kwezokwelapha ngesikhathi somcimbi, kuya ekusekelweni ngemva komcimbi, kanye nokubika kanye nokuhlola izinsizakalo. Lesi sihloko sixoxa ngokuphathwa kokushona ngaphambi kokubeletha njengenqubo ehlelekile yokuthuthukisa ukuphepha kukamama nosana nokuvimbela izehlakalo ezifanayo esikhathini esizayo.
Incazelo kanye nobubanzi bokufa kokubeletha
Ngokuvamile, ukufa ngaphambi kokubeletha kuhlanganisa ukufa komntwana osanda kuzalwa (ukuzalwa eseshonile) ngesikhathi esithile sokukhulelwa kanye nokufa kosana olusanda kuzalwa. Ezinhlelweni eziningi zezempilo, isikhathi sokuzalwa sibalwa kusukela emavikini angu-22 okukhulelwa (noma isisindo somntwana ≥500 amagremu) kuya ezinsukwini zokuqala ezingu-7 ngemva kokuzalwa. Ukufa ngaphambi kokubeletha kungenzeka ngenxa yezinkinga zikamama (isb., i-preeclampsia, ukutheleleka), izinkinga zomntwana osanda kuzalwa (ukukhubazeka kokuzalwa, ukuvinjelwa kokukhula), izinkinga ze-placenta (ukuphazamiseka kwe-placenta, ukungasebenzi kahle kwe-placenta), noma izici zesevisi (ukuqashelwa kwengozi okulibazisekile, ukudluliselwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi, izindawo ezilinganiselwe).
Izimiso Zokuphathwa Kokufa Kwabesifazane Abakhulelweyo
Ukuphathwa kokubeletha kulokhu kunamathela ezimisweni eziningana ezibalulekile: ukuphepha komama njengento eza kuqala, ukuxhumana kokwelapha okunozwela, ukubambisana phakathi kochwepheshe, umkhuba osekelwe ebufakazini, imibhalo enembile, kanye nenhlonipho ngezinqumo zomndeni kanye nezindinganiso. Ukubeletha akugcini nje ngokusingatha izici zezokwelapha kodwa futhi kusebenza njengomzila wolwazi kanye nokusekelwa ngokomzwelo ngezikhathi zenhlekelele.
Ukuhlonza Izinto Eziyingozi kanye Nemizamo Yokuvimbela
Ukuvimbela ukufa ngaphambi kokubeletha kuqala ngesikhathi sokunakekelwa kwangaphambi kokubeletha (i-ANC) ngokuhlolwa kwezingozi kanye nokufundiswa. Ababelethisi badinga ukwenza ukuhlolwa okuphelele, okuhlanganisa umlando wokubeletha (umlando we-IUFD, ukukhulelwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi, ukopha), izifo ezihambisanayo (isifo sikashukela, umfutho wegazi ophakeme, i-anemia), isimo sokudla okunempilo, kanye nezici zomphakathi njengokufinyelela ezinsizakalweni kanye nokusekelwa komndeni. Ukuhlolwa okuvamile kufaka phakathi ukulinganiswa komfutho wegazi, ukuqapha ukuphakama kwesizalo, ukuthola ukunyakaza komntwana osanda kuzalwa, ukuhlola amazinga e-hemoglobin, kanye nokudluliselwa kokuhlolwa okwengeziwe uma kudingeka.
Ukufundisa omama ngezimpawu zengozi yokukhulelwa kubalulekile, njengokuncipha kokunyakaza kombungu, ukopha kwesitho sangasese sowesifazane, ikhanda elibuhlungu, ukuvuvukala okungazelelwe, umkhuhlane, noma ukuqhekeka kolwelwesi ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukulungiselela ukubeletha kanye nokuhlela ukulungela izinkinga kudingeka kuthuthukiswe kusenesikhathi, okuhlanganisa ukuhlonza izindawo zokubeletha, ezokuthutha, abanikeli begazi abangaba khona, kanye nokuxhaswa ngezimali.
Ukuphathwa Kokufa Okusolwayo Komntwana Osesiswini Noma Ukufa Kwezingane Ezisanda Kuzalwa
Uma umbelethisi ethola isikhalazo esivela kumama osolwa ngokufa komntwana (isib., ukungabikho kokunyakaza komntwana), isinyathelo sokuqala ukwenza ukuhlolwa okusheshayo kodwa okubucayi. Ukuhlolwa kwenhliziyo yomntwana kungenziwa, kulandelwe ukuqinisekiswa nge-ultrasound ngumhlinzeki onekhono ngokuya ngeziphathimandla zendawo nezikhungo. Ulwazi kufanele ludluliselwe ngokucophelela, kusetshenziswa ulimi olucacile, kungasolwa, futhi kuvunyelwe umama nomndeni isikhathi sokusabela.
Ezimweni zokufa kwengane esanda kuzalwa (i-IUFD), ukuzinza kwesimo sikamama kuyinto eza kuqala: ukuhlola izimpawu ezibalulekile, ukopha, izimpawu zokutheleleka, kanye nenhlalakahle yengqondo. Isikhathi nendlela yokubeletha kuncike eminyakeni yokukhulelwa, isimo somlomo wesibeletho, kanye nokuba khona kwezinkinga ezifana nokopha noma i-preeclampsia. Ngokuvamile, ukubeletha ngesitho sangasese sowesifazane kuvame ukuba yindlela ekhethwayo uma kungekho sibonakaliso sokubeletha sokuhlinzwa. Ukuqaliswa kokubeletha kwenziwa ngokwenqubo kanye nokubambisana nodokotela, ikakhulukazi uma kunengozi yokuphazamiseka kokuqina kwegazi uma ingane isifile isikhathi eside.
Ezimweni zokufa kwezinsana zisencane, isinyathelo esisheshayo sihlanganisa ukuvuselelwa kwezinsana ezisanda kuzalwa uma ingane izalwa inezimpawu ezincane zokuphila. Kodwa-ke, uma ingane kuthiwa ifile, ukugxila kushintshela ekunakekelweni kukamama ngemva kokubeletha: ukuvimbela ukuphuma kwegazi ngemva kokubeletha, ukuqapha ukuguquka kwesibeletho, kanye nokulawula ubuhlungu. Ababelethisi kumele baqinisekise nokuvimbela ukutheleleka ngamasu okubulala amagciwane futhi baqaphe izimpawu zezinkinga.
Ukunakekelwa Kwengqondo Nokuxhumana Kwezokwelapha
Ukusekelwa ngokomzwelo kuvame ukuba yisici esibalulekile ekufeni kwabantu abashona ngesikhathi sokubeletha. Ababelethisi kudingeka banikeze ukwesekwa ngaphandle kokwahlulela, bavume usizi njengendlela evamile yokusabela, futhi bavimbele imindeni ukuthi ingaziboni inecala. Ukuxhumana kusekelwe esimisweni "sokulethwa kwezindaba ezimbi": ulwazi oluhamba kancane kancane, ukuqinisekiswa kokuqonda, kanye nethuba lemibuzo. Noma nini lapho kungenzeka, imindeni inikezwa ithuba lokubona nokubamba ingane, ukwenza amasiko ngokwezinkolelo zayo, nokubhala phansi izinkumbulo (isib., izithombe noma izinyathelo) ngokuvumelana nenqubomgomo yesikhungo kanye nemvume yomndeni.
Ababelethisi badinga nokuhlola ingozi yezinkinga zengqondo ezifana nokucindezeleka kwangemva kokubeletha, ukukhathazeka okukhulu, noma ukuhlukumezeka. Ukudluliselwa kudokotela wengqondo/wezifo zengqondo kungadingeka, ikakhulukazi uma umama ebonisa izimpawu eziqhubekayo njengokungalali kahle, imicabango yokuzilimaza, noma ukuphika iqiniso ngokweqile.
Ukuphathwa Komzimba Kwamama Ngemva Kokubeletha
Ngemva kokubeletha ezimweni zokufa ngaphambi kokubeletha, ukunakekelwa kwangemva kokubeletha kuhlala kuyinto ejwayelekile, kugxilwe kakhulu ekunceliseni nasekushintsheni kwama-hormone. Omama abaningi bayaqhubeka nokukhiqiza ubisi lwebele ngisho nangemva kokushona komntwana. Ababelethisi kufanele banikeze imfundo ngokuphathwa kokuncelisa ngokwezintandokazi zikamama: ukunciphisa kancane kancane ukukhiqizwa kobisi, ukunciphisa ukukhuthazwa kwebele, ukusebenzisa i-bra yokusekela, ukunikeza ama-compress abandayo, kanye nokuhlinzeka ngemithi yokunciphisa ubuhlungu uma kudingeka. Lokhu kusekelwa kubalulekile ngoba ukuminyana kwebele kuvame ukubangela usizi olukhulu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kufanele kuqashwe ukopha, izinga lokushisa, izimpawu zokutheleleka, umfutho wegazi, kanye nesimo esijwayelekile. Ukuhlolwa kwelebhu noma ukulandelela okukhethekile kungacatshangelwa uma kukhona izinto eziyingozi njengokutheleleka ngaphakathi kwesibeletho, ukuqhekeka kwezicubu isikhathi eside, noma ukopha okukhulu.
Uphenyo Lwezimbangela Nokuhlolwa Kokufa Kwangaphambi Kokuzalwa
Ukuphenya izimbangela zokufa ngaphambi kokubeletha kuhlose ukuvimbela ukuphindaphinda nokuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yokunakekelwa. Ababelethisi badlala indima ekuqoqeni idatha yezokwelapha: umlando wokukhulelwa, imiphumela yokuhlolwa kwe-ANC, inqubo yokubeletha, izinkinga, kanye nokungenelela okwenziwayo. Ukubambisana nodokotela kuyadingeka ukuze kunqunywe ukuhlolwa okwengeziwe, njengokuhlolwa kwe-placenta, ukukhuliswa kwamagciwane uma kusolwa ukutheleleka, noma ukuhlolwa kokukhubazeka kokuzalwa.
Ukuhlolwa kokushona kwabantwana abasanda kuzalwa kwenziwa ngendlela ehlelekile futhi ngaphandle kokujezisa. Umgomo uwukuthola imbangela eyinhloko, okuhlanganisa "ukubambezeleka okuthathu": ukubambezeleka ekuqapheleni inkinga, ukubambezeleka ekufinyeleleni esikhungweni, kanye nokubambezeleka ekutholeni ukunakekelwa okwanele. Imiphumela yokuhlolwa isetshenziselwa ukuthuthukisa uhlelo lokudlulisela, ukuthuthukisa ikhono labasebenzi bezempilo, nokuqinisekisa ukutholakala kwemishini ebalulekile kanye nemithi.
Imibhalo, Ukuziphatha, kanye Nezici Zezomthetho
Imibhalo yokubeletha ngokufa kwangaphambi kokubeletha kumele ibe ephelele, inembe, futhi ifike ngesikhathi. Amarekhodi afaka ukulandelana kwezenzakalo, ukuhlolwa, izinqubo, ukuxhumana nomndeni, imvume enolwazi, kanye nemiphumela yokudlulisela noma yokubambisana. Ngokwezimiso zokuziphatha, ababelethisi bagcina imfihlo yedatha yesiguli, bahlonipha okuthandwa ngumndeni, futhi bagweme ukusola. Kwezinye izimo, ukubika kuyimpoqo ngokuvumelana nemithetho yendawo, ikakhulukazi lapho kukhona ukunganaki okusolwayo noma amacala athile adinga uphenyo olwengeziwe.
Ukwelulekwa Kwangemva Kokubeletha Nokuhlela Ukukhulelwa Okuzayo
Ukululama ngemva kokushona ngaphambi kokubeletha akupheli egumbini lokubelethisa. Ababelethisi kudingeka bahlele ukuvakashelwa kwangemva kokubeletha, baqaphe impilo yengqondo kamama, futhi banikeze iseluleko mayelana nokuvimbela inzalo kanye nokuhlukanisa isikhathi sokukhulelwa. Uma umbhangqwana uhlela okunye ukukhulelwa, ncoma ukuhlolwa kwangaphambi kokukhulelwa ukuze kuthuthukiswe impilo, kuphathwe izifo ezingamahlalakhona, kuthuthukiswe isimo sokudla okunempilo, futhi kubukezwe izici eziyingozi okungenzeka ukuthi zibe nomthelela emcimbini odlule.
Ekwelulekeni, kubalulekile ukugcizelela ukuthi ukufa okuningi ngaphambi kokubeletha akubangelwa yiphutha likamama. Imfundo mayelana nezimpawu eziyingozi ekukhulelweni okulandelayo, ukubaluleka kokunakekelwa njalo kwangaphambi kokubeletha (i-ANC), kanye nohlelo lokudlulisela oluthuthukisiwe kungandisa umuzwa wokulawula nethemba lomndeni.
I-Penutup
Ukuphathwa kwababelethisi bokufa ngaphambi kokubeletha kudinga indlela ephelele ehlanganisa ukunakekelwa kwezokwelapha, ukwesekwa kwengqondo, ukuxhumana okuzwelana, kanye nokuhlolwa kohlelo lwezinsizakalo. Ababelethisi badlala indima ebalulekile ekuvimbeleni ngokuhlolwa kanye nemfundo, ekuphatheni ngokuzinza kanye nokubambisana, kanye nasekululameni ngokusekelwa okuqhubekayo. Ngombhalo ofanele kanye nokuhlolwa kokushona okwakhayo, izinsizakalo zababelethisi zingathuthukiswa njalo ukuze kuncishiswe ukufa ngaphambi kokubeletha futhi kuhlinzekwe ukunakekelwa okuhloniphekile kubo bonke omama nomndeni ababhekene nokulahlekelwa.
