Ukuphathwa Kokunakekelwa Kwababelethisi Ezimweni Ze-Autism
I-Pendahuluan
I-Autism, noma i-Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), yisimo sokuthuthuka kwemizwa esithinta amakhono okuxhumana, ukuxhumana nabantu, ukuziphatha, kanye nendlela abantu ababhekana ngayo nezisusa zezinzwa. Igama elithi "spectrum" libonisa ukuthi izimpawu kanye nezinga lokusekelwa elidingekayo kuyahlukahluka kakhulu kumuntu nomuntu. Emongweni wokubelethisa, i-autism ayiqondwa nje kuphela njengokuxilongwa ezinganeni kodwa futhi ihlobene nendima yababelethisi ekuhlinzekeni ukunakekelwa ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa, ukubeletha, kanye nesikhathi sokubeletha, kanye nokuqapha ukukhula nokukhula kwezinsana nezingane ezincane ukuze kusekelwe ekutholakaleni kusenesikhathi kanye nokudluliselwa ngesikhathi. Ukuphathwa kokunakekelwa kwababelethisi be-autism kudinga indlela ephelele, ebambisene, nesekelwe emndenini ehlonipha izidingo zomuntu ngamunye.
Indima Yababelethisi Embonweni We-Autism
Ababelethisi bahamba phambili ezinsizakalweni zezempilo zomama nezingane, bedlala indima ebalulekile emfundweni, ekuvimbeleni ubungozi, ekuhlolweni kokukhula, kanye nasekuxhumaniseni okudluliselwa kwabanye. Nakuba i-autism ingeyona inkinga "engelapheka" ngokwelashwa okukodwa, ukungenelela kwasekuqaleni kuye kwabonakala kusiza ekuthuthukiseni amakhono okuxhumana, ukuzivumelanisa nezimo, kanye nokuzimela ezinganeni. Ababelethisi basiza imindeni ukuqonda izinyathelo ezivamile zokukhula, ukuqaphela izimpawu zengozi, kanye nokukhuthaza ukubandakanyeka kwabazali ekukhuthazeni.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ababelethisi bangase bahlangane nabesifazane abakhulelwe noma abakhulelwe abane-autism. Kulezi zimo, ukuphathwa kokunakekelwa kudinga ukushintsha izindlela zokuxhumana, indawo yesevisi, kanye nokusekelwa kwengqondo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umama uthola ukunakekelwa okuphephile nokuhloniphekile.
Umqondo Wokuphathwa Kokunakekelwa Kwababelethisi
Ukuphathwa kokunakekelwa kwababelethisi ngokuvamile kulandela inqubo ehlelekile: ukuhlolwa, ukuxilongwa/ukuhlonza inkinga, ukuhlela, ukuqaliswa, ukuhlolwa, kanye nokubhalwa kwamadokhumenti. Ezimweni ezihlobene ne-autism, lezi zinyathelo zisetshenziswa ezimweni ezimbili eziyinhloko:
1) Ukunakekelwa kwababelethisi bezingane ezine-autism okusolwayo/ingozi yokubambezeleka kokukhula (indima yababelethisi ezinkonzweni zomama nengane, izikhala zezempilo ezihlanganisiwe, umkhuba ozimele).
2) Ukunakekelwa kwababelethisi omama abane-autism (ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa, ukubeletha, kanye nangemuva kokubeletha).
Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi lesi sihloko sihambisana nemikhuba yokunakekelwa kwempilo yomama nengane, ukugxila okuyinhloko kuzoba ekuphathweni kokunakekelwa kwababelethisi maqondana nokuqapha ukukhula nentuthuko kanye nokusekelwa komndeni ukuze kutholakale i-autism kusenesikhathi ezinganeni.
1. Ukuhlola
Isigaba sokuhlola sihlose ukuqoqa idatha yomuntu siqu nengakhethi cala. Ababelethisi kudingeka benze umlando ogxile futhi babheke intuthuko yengane, okuhlanganisa nokukhulelwa, ukubeletha, kanye nomlando wosana olusanda kuzalwa.
A. Idatha efundwayo
– Izikhalazo zabazali: ingane inenkinga yokubheka emehlweni, ayiphenduli lapho ibizwa, yephuza ukukhuluma, ayikhombisi izinto, idlala ngokuphindaphindiwe, ithukuthele kakhulu, iyazwela kakhulu emsindweni/ekwakhekeni.
– Umlando wentuthuko: waqala nini ukugingqika, ukuhlala, ukuhamba, ukububula, ukusho amazwi anencazelo.
– Umlando wezokwelapha: ukuquleka, izifo ezithathelwanayo, ukulahlekelwa ukuzwa, ukuphazamiseka kokulala, izindlela zokudla ezikhethiwe.
– Umlando womndeni: ukuba khona kwamalungu omndeni anezinkinga zokukhula noma izinkinga zokufunda.
– Amaphethini okukhulisa izingane kanye nokukhuthaza: ukuthi bavame ukukhulunywa kangaki, bafundelwa izincwadi, futhi badlalwe kangaki ngendlela yokusebenzisana.
B. Idatha yenhloso efundwe
– Ukuqaphela ukusebenzisana: izimpendulo zomphakathi, ukunaka okuhlangene (ikhono lokwabelana ngokugxila kokunaka), ikhono lokulingisa, ukudlala okungokomfanekiso.
– Ukuhlolwa okujwayelekile komzimba: isimo sokudla okunempilo, izimpawu zezinkinga zezinzwa, ukuhlolwa kwendlebe uma kusolwa ukuthi kukhona ukulahlekelwa ukuzwa.
– Izilinganiso ze-anthropometric: BB/TB, umjikelezo wekhanda, ngokwejika lokukhula.
– Ukuhlolwa kokukhula: ukusebenzisa amathuluzi okuhlola atholakala ezikhungweni zasendaweni (isib., i-KPSP yokuhlolwa kokukhula) futhi uma kungenzeka kuholele ekuhlolweni kwe-autism okuqondene ne-M-CHAT-R/F ezinyangeni ezingu-16-30 (ngokudluliselwa noma ngokubambisana).
Ukuhlolwa kufanele kwenziwe ngozwela, ngaphandle kokusola abazali, futhi ngaphandle kokufaka amalebula kusenesikhathi ngaphandle kokuhlolwa okuphelele. Ababelethisi bazibeka njengabangane, besiza imindeni ukuthola izinyathelo ezifanele.
2. Ukuhlonza Izinkinga Zokubeletha Nokuxilongwa
Ngaphakathi komkhakha wokubelethisa, ababelethisi abenzi ukuxilongwa okuqondile kwengqondo/ukuthuthukiswa kwemizwa, kodwa bangakwazi ukubona izingozi noma izinsolo zezinkinga zokukhula kanye nokubona izinkinga ezihlobene nokubeletha.
Isibonelo sokwakheka kwenkinga:
– Ukulibaziseka kwenkulumo kanye nokuthuthukiswa kolimi.
– Ukusolwa kokuphazamiseka kokuxhumana komphakathi kanye nokuxhumana.
– Izinkinga zokuziphatha: ukucasuka, ukuziphatha okuphindaphindiwe, ubunzima bokushintsha phakathi kwemisebenzi.
– Ingozi yokucindezeleka kobuzali kubazali.
– Ukuntuleka kolwazi lomndeni mayelana nokukhuthaza ukukhula kanye nezindlela zokudlulisela.
Lezi zinkinga zakha isisekelo sezinhlelo zokunakekelwa kanye nokudluliselwa.
3. Ukuhlela
Ukuhlela ukunakekelwa kwababelethisi kwe-autism okusolwayo kugxila ezindleleni zokukhuthaza nokuvimbela, ukukhuthaza kwasekuqaleni, ukwelulekwa komndeni, kanye nokudluliselwa.
A. Inhloso yokunakekela
– Izingane zithola ukuhlolwa okwengeziwe kokukhula ngabasebenzi abanekhono (odokotela bezingane, odokotela bezifo zengqondo bezingane, odokotela bezengqondo, abelaphi bezinkulumo/abasebenzi).
– Abazali bayaqonda izimpawu zokulibaziseka kokukhula futhi bayakwazi ukunikeza ugqozi olulula ekhaya.
- Ukunciphisa ukucindezeleka komndeni ngokusekela kanye namasu okukhulisa izingane angokoqobo.
- Qinisekisa ukuqapha okuhle kokukhula, isimo sokudla okunempilo, kanye nempilo ejwayelekile.
B. Uhlelo lokungenelela oluyinhloko
1. Imfundo ngokukhula nokuthuthuka kanye nezimpawu eziyisixwayiso ze-autism ngokweminyaka.
2. Ukukhuthaza intuthuko ngokusekelwe emisebenzini yansuku zonke (ukudlala okuphendulayo, ukuxhumana ngezindlela ezimbili, imikhuba).
3. Amasu okweluleka okubhekana nokuziphatha okunzima (ukucasuka, ukuwohloka, ubunzima bokudla).
4. Izinkomba ezihlanganisiwe zokuhlola okwengeziwe.
5. Uhlelo lokulandelela olujwayelekile ukuze kuqashwe inqubekela phambili kanye nokuthobela imithetho yokudlulisela.
4. Ukuqaliswa
Ukuqaliswa kwenziwa ngokwecebo lomndeni nezidingo zawo. Ezinye izindlela zokuqaliswa ezifanele ababelethisi zifaka:
A. Ukuxhumana okuphumelelayo nomndeni
Ababelethisi kudingeka basebenzise ulimi olulula, olungahluleli futhi bagxile emaqinisweni abawabonile. Isibonelo sendlela kungaba: "Ngiyaqaphela ukuthi ingane ayizange iphendule lapho ibizwe futhi ayizange ikhombe into eyifunayo. Lokhu kungahlobene nokuthuthukiswa kokuxhumana. Kufanele senze ukuhlolwa kokulandelela ukuze ukungenelela kusheshe."
B. Imfundo yokukhuthaza izingane zisencane ekhaya
Ukukhuthaza akudingeki kubize kakhulu; isihluthulelo ukuhambisana nokuphendula:
– Ukuthintana emehlweni kanye nokuzivocavoca ngokuphendulana: ukudlala i-peek-a-boo, ukubamba okulula ngokuphonsa.
– Ukuzijwayeza ukuxhumana okusebenzayo: ukubuza ngezimpawu/amagama alula, usebenzisa ukukhetha izinto ezimbili.
– Ukufunda izincwadi zezithombe, ukuqamba izinto ngamagama, ukulingisa imisindo yezilwane.
- Nciphisa ukuvezwa kwedivayisi engasebenzi futhi wandise ukudlala okusebenzisanayo.
C. Usekelo lokuphathwa kokuziphatha
- Dala inqubo yansuku zonke ebikezelwayo.
– Sebenzisa imiyalelo emifushane, eyodwa ngesikhathi.
– Nikeza isikhuthazo esihle lapho ingane ibonisa ukuziphatha okulindelekile.
– Thola izinto ezibangela ukucasuka: indlala, ukukhathala, imisindo emikhulu, izinguquko ezisheshayo.
D. Ukubambisana kanye nokudluliselwa kwabanye
Ababelethisi baqondisa imindeni ezinsizeni zokudlulisela ngokwesimiso sendawo: odokotela bezingane ukuze bahlolwe intuthuko, ukuhlolwa kwezindlebe uma kudingeka, odokotela bezengqondo/bezifo zengqondo bezingane ukuze bahlolwe, kanye nokwelashwa (inkulumo, umsebenzi, ukuziphatha). Ababelethisi bangaphakamisa nokufinyelela ezinsizakalweni zikahulumeni/zomphakathi, uma zikhona, njengezikhungo zezinsizakalo zokukhubazeka, amaqembu okusekela abazali, kanye nezinhlelo zokungenelela kusenesikhathi.
E. Ukuqapha impilo okuyisisekelo
Qhubeka nokuqinisekisa ukuthi ukugoma kuhlelwe ngesikhathi, ukuqapha ukudla okunempilo, ukuvimbela ukuntuleka kwegazi, kanye nokufundiswa ngokudla okulinganiselayo, njengoba izingane ezine-autism zivame ukutholakala zidla ukudla okukhethekile, okungathinta isimo sokudla okunempilo.
5. Ukuhlolwa
Ukuhlola kuhlola ukuthi imigomo iyafezwa yini nokuthi izinhlelo zidinga ukulungiswa yini. Izinkomba zokuhlola zingafaka:
– Umndeni wenza i-referral bese uthola ukuhlolwa okwengeziwe.
– Kukhona ukwanda kokuxhumana okusebenzayo (isib. ukuqala ukukhomba, ukulingisa, noma ukusho amagama alula).
– Ukwehla kwezikhathi zokucasuka noma abazali bayakwazi kangcono ukulawula ukuziphatha.
– Ukukhula kwengane kuhlala kukuhle futhi ukugonywa sekuqediwe.
– Abazali babonise ukuqonda okungcono futhi banciphisa amazinga okukhathazeka.
Ukuhlolwa kudinga ukwenziwa njalo, isibonelo kukho konke ukuvakashela isikhungo sezempilo esihlanganisiwe noma ngesheduli evunyelwene ngayo.
6. Imibhalo
Imibhalo ibalulekile njengobufakazi benkonzo, indlela yokuxhumana phakathi kochwepheshe bezempilo, kanye nesisekelo sokuhlola. Irekhodi lababelethisi:
– Imiphumela yokuhlolwa kwentuthuko kanye nokuqaphelwa kokuziphatha.
– Imfundo inikezwa kanye nempendulo yabazali.
– Izinkomba ezenziwe (inhloso, usuku, isizathu).
– Uhlelo lokulandelela kanye nemiphumela yokulandelela.
Imibhalo ehlanzekile isiza ukuhlanganisa izinsizakalo kuzo zonke izisebenzi.
Izici Zokuziphatha Nezengqondo
Amacala e-autism avame ukuba nehlazo emphakathini. Ababelethisi kudingeka bagcine imfihlo, bahloniphe izinqumo zomndeni, futhi bagcizelele ukuthi lesi simo akusona iphutha labazali. Indlela yokunakekela egxile emndenini ibeka abazali njengabalingani, hhayi izinto zokusolwa. Ababelethisi kudingeka futhi baqaphele ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukucindezeleka kwangemva kokubeletha, ukukhathazeka, noma ukukhathala kwabazali futhi bakhuthaze imindeni ukuba ifune ukwesekwa.
Isiphetho
Ukuphathwa kokunakekelwa kwababelethisi be-autism kuwuchungechunge oluhlelekile lwezinsizakalo ezigcizelela ukuhlolwa kokukhula, ukuhlonza kusenesikhathi izimpawu zobungozi, ukukhuthazwa kwemfundo, ukwesekwa kwabazali, kanye nokudluliselwa ngokubambisana ukuze kuhlolwe futhi kungenelele. Ababelethisi badlala indima ebalulekile ekudaleni ukufinyelela okusheshayo ezinsizeni, ukusiza imindeni ukuqonda isimo sengane yabo, kanye nokuqinisekisa ukuthi izidingo eziyisisekelo zezempilo—njengokudla okunempilo, ukugonywa, kanye nokuqapha ukukhula—ziyahlangatshezwa. Ngendlela enozwelo, ehlelekile, neqhubekayo, ukunakekelwa kwababelethisi kungaba negalelo elikhulu ekhwalithini yokuphila kwezingane ezine-autism kanye nemindeni yazo.
Uma ufisa, ngingaguqula lesi sihloko sibe yifomethi yephepha lesayensi (ngesizinda, izinhloso, indlela yokufunda icala, i-SOAP, kanye nohlu lwezincwadi), noma ngidale inguqulo ephelele yesifundo secala somsebenzi wokubeletha.
