Wake wayibona ikhandlela? ngethemba ukuthi uzoyisebenzisa. Esinye isenzakalo esithakazelisayo esingasibona lapho ikhandlela livutha. Iphansi lentambo yekhandlela elivuthayo livame ukuba manzi njalo ngentambo encibilikisiwe (entanjeni). Ukuba khona kwentambo encibilikisiwe entanjeni kusho ukuthi ikhandlela lingasha isikhathi eside. Yini ebangela ukuthi intambo encibilikisiwe ikhuphuke iye entanjeni yekhandlela elivuthayo? singabona isenzakalo esifanayo ezitotshini.
Izinto eziningi ezithakazelisayo ezimpilweni zethu zifana nezenzakalo ezenzeka emakhandleleni nasezibanini zikawoyela. Kunjengokungathi uketshezi lunemilenze, oluvumela ukuthi luhambe luye phezulu. Ungakuchaza lokhu ngokwesayensi? Umqondo owodwa wefiziksi ongachaza izenzakalo ezenzeka emakhandleleni, ezibanini zikawoyela, nakwezinye izinto eziningi ezihlobene nawo yi-capillarity.
Amandla Okubumbana Nokunamathela
Ubumbano amandla akhangayo phakathi kwama-molecule ento efanayo, kuyilapho amandla akhangayo phakathi kwama-molecule ezinto ezahlukene ebizwa ngokuthi ukunamathela. Isibonelo, uma sithela amanzi engilazini, ukuhlangana kwenzeka lapho ama-molecule amanzi edonselana, kuyilapho ukunamathela kwenzeka lapho ama-molecule amanzi nama-molecule engilazi edonselana.
I-engela yokuxhumana
Ngaphambi kokuhlola umqondo we-capillarity, kumele siqale siqonde ukuthi amandla okunamathela kanye namaqembu ahlangene athonya kanjani i-capillarity. Isibonelo, cabanga ngoketshezi olusengilazini. Lapho amandla okunamathelana kwama-molecule oketshezi enamandla kunamandla okunamathela (amandla akhangayo phakathi kwama-molecule oketshezi nama-molecule engilazi), ubuso boketshezi buzogoba bubheke phezulu. Isibonelo salokhu yilapho amanzi esengilazini. Ngokuvamile kuthiwa amanzi amanzisa ubuso bengilazi. Ngokuphambene nalokho, uma amandla okunamathela enamandla, ubuso boketshezi buzogoba bubheke phansi. Isibonelo, lapho i-mercury isengilazini.
I-engeli eyakhiwe yi-curve ibizwa ngokuthi i-engeli yokuxhumana. Uma amandla okuhlangana koketshezi emakhulu kune-adhesive force, i-engeli yokuxhumana eyakhiwe ngokuvamile ingaphansi kuka-90°.o (isithombe a). Ngokuphambene nalokho, uma amandla okunamathela makhulu kunamandla okubumbana koketshezi, khona-ke i-engeli yokuxhumana eyakhiwe mkhulu kuno-90o (isithombe b). Amandla okunamathela kanye nokuhlangana kunzima ukuwabala ngokombono, kodwa i-engeli yokuxhumana ingalinganiswa. Buyini ubudlelwano ne-capillarity?
Umqondo Wokuba Ne-Capillarity
Uma amandla ahlangene oketshezi amakhulu kunamandla okunamathela, ubuso boketshezi buzogoba bubheke phezulu. Uma sifaka ipayipi elincane noma ipayipi (ipayipi elinobubanzi obuncane kunesitsha), kuzokwakheka ingxenye ephezulu yoketshezi. Ngamanye amazwi, uketshezi olusesitsheni lukhuphuka ngekholomu yepayipi. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi amandla okuqina kobuso aphelele odongeni lwepayipi asebenza phezulu. Ukuphakama okuphezulu uketshezi olungafinyelela kukho lapho amandla okuqina kobuso elingana noma elingana nesisindo soketshezi olusepayipini. Ngakho-ke, uketshezi lungakhuphukela kuphela ekuphakameni lapho amandla okuqina kobuso elinganiswa khona ngesisindo soketshezi olusepayipini.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma amandla okunamathela amakhulu kunamandla okuhlangana koketshezi, ubuso boketshezi buzogoba phansi. Uma sifaka ipayipi elincane noma ipayipi (ipayipi elinobubanzi obuncane kunesitsha), ingxenye engezansi yoketshezi izokwakheka (bheka isithombe esingezansi).
Lo mphumela waziwa ngokuthi ukunyakaza kwe-capillary, noma i-capillarity, futhi lawa mapayipi amancane abizwa ngokuthi ama-capillary tubes. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi imithambo yethu yegazi emincane kakhulu ingabizwa nangokuthi ama-capillary tubes, njengoba ukujikeleza kwegazi kulezi zitsha ezincane nakho kungenxa yomphumela we-capillary. Ngokufanayo, isimo sokuncibilika kwe-wax noma i-parafini ekhuphuka ngentambo siyabonakala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-capillarity kukholakala ukuthi idlala indima ebalulekile ekuhambeni kwamanzi nezakhamzimba kusukela ezimpandeni kuya emaqabunga ngemithambo emincane ye-xylem. Ngaphandle kwe-capillarity, ubuso bomhlabathi buyoma ngokushesha ngemva kwemvula noma ukunisela. Omunye umphumela obalulekile we-capillarity ukugcinwa kwamanzi ezikhaleni eziphakathi kwezinhlayiya zomhlabathi.
Isibalo se-Capillarity
Singanquma kanjani ukuphakama kwamanzi akhuphuka ngekholomu yepayipi le-capillary? Uketshezi lubonakala lukhuphuka ekholomu. 
ishubhu le-capillary elinobubanzi obungu-r kuya ku-h. Amandla adlala indima ekubambeni uketshezi ekuphakameni okungu-h ayingxenye yamandla okucindezela ubuso ohlangothini oluqondile: F cos theta.
Ingxenye ephezulu yepayipi le-capillary ivulekile, ngakho-ke ingcindezi yomoya ifakwa ebusweni boketshezi. Ubude bomphezulu wokuxhumana phakathi koketshezi nepayipi buyi-2 phi r (umjikelezo wendilinga). Ngakho-ke, ubukhulu bengxenye eqondile yamandla okucindezela kobuso asebenza endaweni yokuxhumana yilokhu:
Uma ijika elingaphezulu lobuso boketshezi linganakwa, khona-ke umthamo woketshezi epayipini uwukuthi:
Umthamo woketshezi = Indawo engaphezulu kwepayipi x Ukuphakama koketshezi
V = A h
V = (π r2) h
Uma ingxenye eqondile ye-Surface Tension Force ilinganiswa nesisindo sekholomu yoketshezi ku-capillary tube, khona-ke uketshezi alukwazi ukukhuphuka. Ngamanye amazwi, uketshezi luzofinyelela ukuphakama kwalo okuphezulu, lapho ingxenye eqondile yamandla okucindezela ubuso ilinganiswa nesisindo soketshezi ekuphakameni h. Ingxenye eqondile yamandla okucindezela ubuso yile:
F = γ 2 π r cos θ
Okwamanje, isisindo soketshezi olusepayipini le-capillary yilesi:
w = mg
w = ρ V g
w = ρ ( π r2 h ) g
Uma uketshezi lufinyelela ukuphakama kwalo okuphezulu (h), ingxenye eqondile yamandla okucindezela ubuso kumele ilingane nesisindo soketshezi olusepayipini le-capillary. Ngokwezibalo, kulotshiwe:
Lesi yisibalo esisifunayo. Uma ufuna ukuthola ukuphakama kwekholomu ewuketshezi, sicela usebenzise lesi sibalo.
