Ukuqonda amandla
Ingilazi encane ingaphatha inani elincane lamanzi, kanti ingilazi enkulu ingaphatha amaningi. Uma ingilazi inkulu, ingaphatha amanzi amaningi. Ngakho-ke, ingilazi ngayinye inomthamo, noma isilinganiso somthamo wayo wokubamba amanzi. Njengezingilazi, ama-capacitor nawo anekhono lokugcina ishaja kagesi kanye namandla kagesi. Amandla e-capacitor, noma isilinganiso sekhono layo lokugcina ishaja kagesi kanye namandla kagesi, abizwa ngokuthi i-capacitance.
Izici ezithinta amandla okusebenza
Ubukhulu bekhono lengilazi lokugcina amanzi bunqunywa yivolumu yalo. Kuthiwani ngama-capacitor? Yini enquma ubukhulu bekhono le-capacitor lokugcina ishaja kagesi?
Isithombe esingezansi sibonisa i-capacitor elula equkethe amapuleti amabili okuqhuba ahlukaniswe ibanga elithile. Ngaphambi kokuba axhunywe emthonjeni we-voltage, njengebhethri, womabili amapuleti awashajwa. Ngemuva kwalokho, ipuleti elilodwa lixhunywe ku-terminal enhle yebhethri kanti elinye ku-terminal engemihle kusetshenziswa izintambo.
Ngemva kokuxhunywa ku-terminal enhle yebhethri, i-charge enhle ebhethrini idonsela ama-electron ashajwe kabi epuletini, okubangela ukuba athuthele ku-terminal enhle yebhethri. Lokhu kubangela ukuthi ipuleti libe nokuntuleka kwama-electron (i-charge engemihle) kanye nama-proton amaningi (i-charge enhle), okuholela ekushajweni okuhle.
Ngokufanayo, ngemva kokuxhuma ipuleti ne-terminal engemihle yebhethri, i-charge engemihle epuletini idonsela ama-electron ashajeke kabi ku-terminal engemihle yebhethri, okwenza ama-electron ahambe aye epuletini. Lokhu kubangela ukuthi ipuleti libe nama-electron amaningi ngokweqile, okwenza lishajeke kabi.
Inqubo yokudluliselwa kwama-electron phakathi kwamapuleti nebhethri iyama ngemva kokuba umehluko ongaba khona phakathi kwamapuleti amabili ulingana nomehluko ongaba khona phakathi kwezinsika ezimbili zebhethri.
Ingakhuphuka kanjani ishaja kagesi kuzo zombili izingqwembe zomqhubi? Ngamanye amazwi, yini okufanele yenziwe ukuze kuphinde kubangele ukudluliswa kwama-electron? Ukudluliswa kwama-electron kwenzeka kuphela lapho umehluko wamandla kagesi phakathi kwezingodo ezimbili zebhethri mkhulu kunomehluko wamandla kagesi phakathi kwezingqwembe zomqhubi ezimbili. Ukuze ukudluliswa kwama-electron kwenzeke futhi ukuze ishaja kagesi epuletini ngalinye lomqhubi ikhuphuke, ibhethri elisetshenziswayo lithathelwa indawo ngelinye ibhethri noma omunye umthombo wamandla kagesi onomehluko omkhulu wamandla kagesi. Ukudluliswa kwama-electron kuyama lapho umehluko wamandla kagesi womthombo wamandla kagesi ulingana nomehluko wamandla kagesi we-capacitor, ngakho-ke uma umehluko wamandla kagesi womthombo wamandla kagesi mkhulu, umehluko wamandla kagesi we-capacitor nawo mkhulu.
Ngokusekelwe ekubuyekezweni okungenhla, kungaphethwa ngokuthi uma ishaja kagesi igcinwa kakhulu epuletini ngalinye lomqhubi, kulapho umehluko wamandla kagesi phakathi kwamapuleti amabili omqhubi uba mkhulu khona. Ngakho-ke, ishaja kagesi (Q) ilingana nomehluko wamandla kagesi (V). Ubudlelwano phakathi kweshaja kagesi nomehluko wamandla kagesi buvezwa ngokulingana okulandelayo:
Q α V
Ukulingana okungenhla kuguqulwa kube yi-equation ngokungeza i-proportionality constant C:
Q = CV noma C = Q / V
Incazelo: Q = ukushaja kukagesi (Coulomb), V = umehluko wamandla kagesi noma i-voltage kagesi (Volt), C = ukungaguquguquki kokulingana, okubizwa ngokuthi i-capacitance ye-capacitor.
Inani le-capacitance alixhomekile ekushajweni kukagesi kanye ne-voltage kodwa lincike ekumeni kanye nosayizi wamapuleti omqhubi. Ubufakazi bezibalo bokuthi i-capacitance incike ekumeni kanye nosayizi wamapuleti omqhubi buchazwe esihlokweni mayelana nezinhlobo zama-capacitor ngokusekelwe ekumeni kwamapuleti omqhubi, okungukuthi ama- capacitor epuleti ahambisanayo , ama-capacitor esilinda , kanye nama-capacitor ayindilinga . Esihlokweni, kucatshangwa ukuthi kukhona i-vacuum phakathi kwamapuleti omqhubi amabili.
Umthamo we-capacitor ubuye uncike ezimpahleni zezinto eziphakathi kwamapuleti amabili okuqhuba. Izinto eziphakathi kwamapuleti amabili okuqhuba zibizwa ngokuthi i-dielectric . Umthamo we-capacitor one-dielectric uxoxwa ngokujulile esihlokweni esiphathelene ne-dielectric constant.
Iyunithi yomthamo
Iyunithi yokushaja kagesi yi-Coulomb kanti iyunithi yomehluko wamandla kagesi yi-Volt, ngakho-ke ngokusekelwe ku-capacitance equation engenhla, iyunithi ye-capacitance yi-Coulomb nge-Volt (C/V), ebizwa nangokuthi i-Farad (F) evela egameni lososayensi waseBrithani uMichael Faraday (1791-1867). Ngakho-ke i-1 Farad = 1 Coulomb/Volt.
Isibonelo, i-capacitor inenani lama-Farad angu-2, okusho ukuthi i-capacitor igcina ishaja kagesi engu-+2 Coulombs kwelinye lamapuleti omqhubi kanye nama-Coulombs angu--2 kwelinye ipuleti lomqhubi, lapho amapuleti omqhubi amabili enomehluko ongaba khona ongu-1 Volt. Uma ibhethri le-12 Volt lixhunywe kwi-capacitor, elinye lamapuleti omqhubi lizoba neshaja kagesi engu-Q = CV = (2)(12 Volts) = +24 Coulombs kanti elinye ipuleti lomqhubi lizoba neshaja engu--24 Coulombs.
Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi iFarad iyiyunithi enkulu kakhulu ye-capacitance ngakho-ke amayunithi amancane avame ukusetshenziswa, okungukuthi i-microFarad efingqiwe i-μF (10 -6 Farad) kuya ku-picoFarad efingqiwe i-pF (10 -12 Farad). Izibalo zezibalo zokubonisa ukuthi iFarad iyiyunithi enkulu kakhulu zixoxwa ngazo esibonelweni se-parallel plate capacitor.
