Ubuchwepheshe Bamathangi Obungani Nemvelo
Imboni yemikhumbi idlala indima ebalulekile ekuhwebeni komhlaba wonke. Amathangi athutha ingxenye enkulu yezimpahla zamandla nezinto zokusetshenziswa—kusukela ku-oyela ongahluziwe kanye nezinto eziphuma ku-petroleum kuya kumakhemikhali aketshezi. Kodwa-ke, naphezu kokusebenza kahle kwawo, amathangi nawo anegalelo ekukhishweni kwamagesi okushisa umhlaba, ukungcoliswa komoya, ingozi yokuchitheka kukawoyela, kanye nokungcoliswa kolwandle okuvela emfucumfucwini yokusebenza. Ngenxa yalokho, isidingo sobuchwepheshe bamathangi obungangcolisi imvelo siyakhula, siqhutshwa yimithetho yamazwe ngamazwe kanye nokwanda kokuqwashisa komphakathi. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, kuye kwavela izinto ezintsha ezahlukahlukene zokwenza imisebenzi yamathangi ihlanzeke, iphephe, futhi isebenzise kahle amandla.
Imigomo Yokulawula Yokucindezela Nokususa I-Carbonization
Izinguquko zobuchwepheshe emkhakheni wemikhumbi yamathangi zihlobene kakhulu nentuthuko yokulawula. I-International Maritime Organisation (IMO) ikhuthaza ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi ngokusebenzisa amathuluzi ahlukahlukene, njengemikhawulo yesulfure kaphethiloli (IMO 2020) kanye nezinhlaka zokusebenzisa kahle amandla emikhumbi emisha nekhona. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amachweba amaningi namazwe asebenzisa amazinga aqinile okukhishwa kwegesi, okuhlanganisa nezikhuthazo zemikhumbi enezinkomba zokusebenza kahle okuphezulu.
Lezi zingcindezi zomthetho ziqhuba abanikazi bemikhumbi kanye nezindawo zokukhiqiza imikhumbi ukuba basebenzise ubuchwepheshe obungagcini nje ngokuthobela imithethonqubo kodwa futhi obunciphisa izindleko zokusebenza ngokonga uphethiloli. Yilapho umqondo "wokuluhlaza" uvumelana khona nezintshisekelo zebhizinisi: imikhumbi esebenza kahle kakhulu isho ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli okuphansi, ukukhishwa okuphansi komoya, kanye nezindleko zokuthumela ezilawulekayo.
Umklamo we-Hull osebenza kahle kakhulu kanye ne-Hydrodynamics
Esinye sezinyathelo eziyisisekelo zokwenza imikhumbi ibe luhlaza kakhulu ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwe-hydrodynamic. Izinto eziningi ezintsha zigxile ekwakhiweni kwemikhumbi ukuze kuncishiswe ukudonswa. Ukuthuthukisa izimo zomnsalo kanye nengemuva, ukusebenzisa umnsalo obanzi ofaneleka kakhulu wephrofayili yesivinini esithile, kanye nokuthuthukisa umzila wamanzi womkhumbi kunganciphisa kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kwamandla.
Ngaphandle komklamo, kukhona nezingubo zokugqoka zesizukulwane esisha ezinciphisa ukukhula kwezinto eziphilayo zasolwandle (i-biofouling). I-biofouling igubha ubuso bomkhumbi, yandisa ukuhudula futhi yandise ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli. Izingubo zokugqoka zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu—kufaka phakathi ubuchwepheshe obusekelwe ku-silicone noma obukhipha ukungcola—zingagcina ubuso bubushelelezi futhi zinciphise isidingo sokuhlanza, ngaleyo ndlela kuncishiswe umthelela wokugcinwa kwemvelo.
Ukusungula Izinto Ezintsha Zokusheshisa: Izinhlelo Zokusheshisa Zanamuhla Nezinhlelo Zokusheshisa
Ukusebenza kahle kokunyakaza kuyathuthukiswa ngokusebenzisa imiklamo ye-propeller eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, njenge-propellers ene-engeli namaphrofayili e-blade alungiselelwe kahle, kanye nokuthuthukiswa okufana nama-ducts noma ama-fin okunciphisa ukulahleka kwamandla ngenxa yama-eddies. Amanye amathangi esimanje asebenzisa izinhlelo zokubuyisa amandla kusukela ekugelezeni ngemuva kwe-propeller ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa kwe-hybrid electric propulsion kuyanda, ikakhulukazi emikhunjini evame ukusebenza ngesivinini esiguquguqukayo futhi edinga ukusebenza kahle emithwalweni engaphelele. Izinhlelo ze-hybrid zivumela injini ukuthi isebenze ezingeni layo elisebenza kahle kakhulu, kuyilapho ibhethri lisiza ngesikhathi sokuhamba, ukusebenza kwechweba, noma izikhathi zokulayisha okuphezulu. Nakuba ukugcina ibhethri eligcwele ohambweni olude kusalokhu kuyinselele, ama-hybrid asevele enikeza ukukhishwa okuncishisiwe nomsindo.
Amafutha Ahlukile: Kusukela ku-LNG kuya ku-Methanol kanye ne-Ammonia
Inkinga enkulu ngemikhumbi yamathangi ukukhishwa kwegesi okuvela ekushisweni kwamafutha emvelo. Ngakho-ke, ukushintshela kumafutha ahlukile kungenye yezinsika zobuchwepheshe obunobungani nemvelo.
1. I-LNG (Igesi Yemvelo Encibilikisiwe): Ukusetshenziswa kwe-LNG kunganciphisa ukukhishwa kwe-sulfur oxide cishe kuze kube yi-zero futhi kunciphise ama-nitrogen oxides kanye nezinto ezincane. Kodwa-ke, inselele iwukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi i-methane slip (ukuvuza kwe-methane), okudingeka kulawulwe ngobuchwepheshe benjini obufanele kanye nezinhlelo zokuphatha igesi.
2. I-Methanol: I-Methanol ithola ukuthandwa ngoba kulula ukuyiphatha uma iqhathaniswa ne-LNG futhi ingakhiqizwa emithonjeni enekhabhoni ephansi (isb., i-methanol eluhlaza evela ku-hydrogen eluhlaza kanye ne-CO₂ ebanjiwe). Ukuguqula izinjini zibe yi-methanol nakho kubhekwa njengokulula kweminye imiklamo.
3. I-Amonia: I-Amonia inamandla okuba uphethiloli ongenawo ikhabhoni (ayikhiqizi i-CO₂ uma ishiswa), kodwa inezinselele ezinkulu zokuphepha ngenxa yobuthi bayo, kanye nenkinga yokukhishwa kwe-NOx okumele kuxazululwe.
4. Ama-biofuel kanye namafutha afakwayo: Ama-biodiesel noma amafutha athile asekelwe ku-biomass angaba yisisombululo sesikhashana ngoba angasetshenziswa ezinjinini ezikhona ezinezinguquko ezincane, kuye ngezincazelo kanye nekhwalithi kaphethiloli.
Ezimweni eziningi, isu elingokoqobo yizinjini ezisebenzisa uphethiloli omningi ukuze zivumele imikhumbi ukuba ikwazi ukuzivumelanisa nokutholakala kwamafutha anekhabhoni ephansi emachwebeni ahlukahlukene.
Izinhlelo Zokwelapha Ukukhishwa Kwegesi: Ama-Scrubbers kanye nokulawulwa kwe-NOx
Kuma-tanker asasebenzisa uphethiloli ojwayelekile, ubuchwepheshe bokulawula ukukhishwa komoya buhlala bubalulekile. Ama-scrubber asetshenziselwa ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwe-sulfur oxide okuvela kumagesi okukhipha umoya. Kunezinhlelo ze-scrubber ezivulekile, ezivaliwe, kanye ne-hybrid. Kodwa-ke, ukukhetha i-scrubber kuyimpikiswano ngoba ezinye izifunda zivimbela ukukhishwa kwamanzi e-scrubber olwandle. Ngakho-ke, ukuthambekela kokusebenzisa uphethiloli one-sulfur ephansi noma okunye kuyakhula.
Okwamanje, ukulawulwa kwe-NOx kungatholakala kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe obufana ne-Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) noma i-Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR). Ukusebenzisa lezi zinhlelo kusiza imikhumbi ukuhlangabezana nezindinganiso zokukhishwa kwegesi esifundeni futhi kuthuthukise ikhwalithi yomoya, ikakhulukazi lapho isebenza eduze kwezindawo ezisogwini kanye namachweba.
Ukusebenza Kahle Kwamandla Okusebenza: Ukwenziwa Kwedijithali Nokuphathwa Kwemizila
Ubuchwepheshe obuluhlaza budlulela ngale kwehadiwe kuya endleleni imikhumbi esebenza ngayo. Ukwenziwa kwedijithali emathangini kuthuthuka ngokushesha ngezinzwa, izinhlelo zokuqapha ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli, ukuhlaziywa kokusebenza kwemikhumbi, kanye nokwenza ngcono imizila ngokusekelwe esimweni sezulu kanye nemisinga yolwandle. Ngokuthuthukisa uhambo, imikhumbi ingakhetha imizila kanye nesivinini esinciphisa ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli ngenkathi igcina amashejuli okulethwa.
Umqondo wokushisa kancane nge-steam—ukunciphisa ijubane lomkhumbi uye ekunciphiseni ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli—nawo uyisu elisetshenziswa njalo. Ngisho nokunciphisa ijubane elincane kungaletha ukonga okukhulu kukaphethiloli, njengoba izidingo zamandla okuqhuba zanda ngokungaqondile ngesivinini.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuphathwa kwamandla okusebenza kuhlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kwemishini yokonga amandla, ukuphathwa komthwalo wejeneretha ohlakaniphile, kanye nokusetshenziswa kokubuyisa ukushisa okulahliwe ukuguqula ukushisa kokukhipha injini kube amandla engeziwe, isibonelo ukukhiqizwa kwamandla noma ukufudumeza uhlelo.
Ukuphathwa Kwemfucuza Nokuvimbela Ukungcoliswa Kwasolwandle
Amathangi athwala amanzi adala izingozi ezingavamile zokungcola. Ngakho-ke, ubuchwepheshe obunobungani nemvelo busho nokuthuthukisa ukuvikelwa kolwandle ngokuvimbela ukuchitheka kanye nokwelashwa kwemfucuza.
Amathangi esimanje ngokuvamile asebenzisa umklamo onezimbobo ezimbili ukunciphisa ingozi yokuvuza uma kwenzeka ukushayisana noma ukuminza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlelo zokuqapha amathangi, ama-valve azenzakalelayo, kanye nezinqubo zokuphepha ezisekelwe ezinzwa kunciphisa amathuba okwenza iphutha lomuntu.
Ngokuphathelene nemfucuza yokusebenza, ubuchwepheshe bokwelapha amanzi e-ballast buyatholakala ukuvimbela ukudluliselwa kwezinto eziphilayo ezihlaselayo phakathi kwezifunda. Lolu hlelo lokwelapha lusebenzisa izindlela zokuhlunga, i-UV, noma amakhemikhali athile ngokuhambisana nezindinganiso zomhlaba wonke. Okwamanje, ukwelashwa kwamanzi amdaka asekhaya kanye nokuphathwa kwemfucuza eqinile nakho kuya ngokuya kuba nzima, okuqinisekisa ukuthi imikhumbi ayibi imithombo engapheli yokungcola olwandle.
Ukusekelwa Kwamandla Avuselelekayo: Usizo Lwemikhumbi Yesimanje Nomoya
Nakuba amaloli athwala amathangi afana nezinjini ezinkulu, ukusungula amandla avuselelekayo sekuqala ukungena ekuqhumeni ngokuqhutshwa umoya. Ubuchwepheshe obufana namaseyili e-rotor (amasilinda ajikelezayo), amaseyili aqinile, noma ama-kite amakhulu adonswa kusukela ekhanda kunganciphisa ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli ezimweni ezithile zomoya. Emizileni efanele, ukonga kungaba kukhulu, ikakhulukazi uma kuhlanganiswa nokwenza ngcono umzila kanye nesivinini.
Lobu buchwepheshe abuthathi indawo yenjini eyinhloko, kodwa busebenza njengedivayisi esekelayo enciphisa umthwalo wenjini kanye nokukhishwa komoya jikelele.
Izinselele Zokusebenzisa: Izindleko, Ingqalasizinda, kanye Nokuphepha
Naphezu kokuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe, ukwamukelwa kwemikhumbi yamathangi enobungani nemvelo kubhekene nezinselele eziningana. Okokuqala, izindleko zokutshalwa kwezimali: izinjini zikaphethiloli eziningi, izinhlelo zokugcina i-LNG, kanye namadivayisi okulawula ukukhishwa kwegesi kudinga imali enkulu. Okwesibili, ukutholakala kwengqalasizinda kaphethiloli ehlukile kusalokhu kulinganiselwe futhi kuyahlukahluka ngokwechweba, okudinga abanikazi bemikhumbi ukuthi bacabangele ngokucophelela amanethiwekhi abo okuphakelwa.
Okwesithathu isici sokuphepha. Amafutha afana ne-LNG, i-methanol, noma i-ammonia adinga izinqubo ezintsha nokuqeqeshwa, kanye nezinhlelo zokuthola ukuvuza eziqinile kanye nokungenisa umoya. Ngakho-ke, ushintsho oluhlaza emikhunjini kumele luhambisane nokuqinisa amakhono abasebenzi kanye nesiko lokuphepha elinokuziphatha okuhle.
Ikusasa Lamathangi Angangcolisi Imvelo
Kusukela manje, ubuchwepheshe bamathangi obunobungani nemvelo cishe buzohlanganisa izindlela eziningi: ukwakheka kwe-hydrodynamic okuphumelelayo, ukwenziwa kwedijithali okusebenzayo, ukusetshenziswa kwamafutha anekhabhoni ephansi, kanye nezinhlelo zokuphepha nokuphathwa kwemfucuza ezithuthukisiwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ucwaningo mayelana nokubanjwa kwekhabhoni ebhodini nalo seluqala ukuxoxwa njengendlela yokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwe-CO₂ emikhunjini ephehlwa ngamalahle ngenkathi ushintsho lwamandla lungakaqali ngokugcwele.
Ekugcineni, imikhumbi ethwala amanzi eqhubekayo ayigcini nje ngokuthobela imithetho, kodwa imayelana nokugcina ukusimama kwezokuthutha zasolwandle njengomgogodla wokuhweba komhlaba wonke. Ngokuhlanganiswa kokusungula izinto ezintsha kwezobuchwepheshe, ukutshalwa kwezimali okufanele, kanye nokubambisana phakathi kwezimboni ezahlukene—kusukela kubakhiqizi bakaphethiloli kuya kubasebenzi bamachweba—imikhumbi ethwala amanzi engapheli ingaya enkathini ehlanzekile nenesibopho kakhulu kwezemvelo.
