Uhlelo Lokuzenzakalela Kwemikhumbi Yezimpahla
Imboni yezolwandle ithuthuke eminyakeni engamashumi amabili edlule, iqhutshwa yintuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe bokuzenzakalela. Nakuba imisebenzi yemikhumbi yezimpahla yayithembele kakhulu kumakhono ezandla kanye nokuqapha abasebenzi ngokuqondile, imisebenzi eminingi ebalulekile manje ingaqashwa, ilawulwe, futhi ithuthukiswe ngezinhlelo zedijithali. Izinhlelo zokuzenzakalela zemikhumbi yezimpahla aziphathelene nje "nokwenza imikhumbi ibe hlakaniphile," kodwa futhi ziphathelene nokuthuthukisa ukuphepha, ukusebenza kahle kukaphethiloli, ukuthembeka kokusebenza, kanye nokuhambisana nezindinganiso zomhlaba wonke. Emongweni wochungechunge lokuphakelwa komhlaba wonke oludinga ukunemba ngesikhathi, ukuzenzakalela kuyisihluthulelo sokuqinisekisa ukuthi imikhumbi isebenza kahle, ngokwezomnotho, nangokuphepha.
Incazelo kanye nobubanzi bokuzenzakalela kwemikhumbi yempahla
Uhlelo lokuzenzakalela lomkhumbi wezimpahla luwuchungechunge lwehadiwe nesofthiwe eyenzelwe ukusiza ekulawuleni okuzenzakalelayo noma okungahleliwe kwezinqubo ezisemkhunjini. Ububanzi balo bubanzi, buhlanganisa ukuqapha injini eyinhloko, ukuphathwa kukagesi, ukulawula i-ballast kanye ne-bilge, ukulawula izinga lokushisa kanye nokuphefumula, kanye nokuqapha isimo sempahla. Ukuzenzakalela emikhunjini ngokuvamile kusetshenziswa isimiso sokuhlanganiswa: idatha evela ezinzwa iyaqoqwa, icutshungulwe yisilawuli (PLC), bese isetshenziselwa ukusebenzisa ama-actuator afana nama-valve, amaphampu, ama-motor, noma ama-alamu.
Empeleni, ukuzenzakalela akuthathi indawo ngokuphelele yezindima zabantu. Amalungu eqembu agcina umthwalo wemfanelo oyinhloko, ikakhulukazi ekwenzeni izinqumo ezibalulekile. Kodwa-ke, ukuzenzakalela kusiza ngokunikeza ulwazi lwesikhathi sangempela, ukunciphisa umthwalo wemisebenzi ojwayelekile, kanye nokunciphisa ingozi yamaphutha abantu emisebenzini ephindaphindwayo.
Izingxenye Eziyinhloko Zohlelo Lokuzenzakalela
Izinhlelo zokuzenzakalela zemikhumbi yempahla ngokuvamile zakhiwa izingxenye eziningana eziyinhloko. Okokuqala, izinzwa kanye nezinsimbi, njengezithumeli zokucindezela, izinzwa zokushisa, amamitha okugeleza, ama-level gauge, kanye nezinzwa zokudlidliza. Lezi zinzwa zifakwa ezinjinini, emapayipini, emathangini, kanye namaphaneli kagesi ukuze kuthathwe isimo sangempela somkhumbi.
Okwesibili isilawuli, esivame ukuba yi-PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) noma imojuli yokulawula eqondene nomkhiqizi. Lesi silawuli sisebenzisa i-logic yokusebenza, njengokuvula iphampu lapho izinga lethangi lidlula umkhawulo othile, noma ukuvala ivalvu lapho ingcindezi ifinyelela inani eliphezulu.
Okwesithathu uhlelo lokuxhumana kanye nokuxhumana, oluxhumanisa izingxenye ezahlukene zemishini nesikhungo sokulawula. Emikhumbi yesimanje, ukuxhumana kwedatha kungasebenzisa izinqubo zezimboni (isb., i-Modbus, i-Profibus, noma i-Ethernet yezimboni) ukuze kube lula ukuhlanganiswa phakathi kwamadivayisi.
Okwesine, kukhona i-HMI/SCADA (Human Machine Interface/Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition), esebenza njengesibonisi somqhubi. Ngesikrini egumbini lokulawula injini, umqhubi angabuka amapharamitha afana nokushisa kwe-coolant, ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli, isimo sejeneretha, ngisho nama-alamu okuvuza.
Okwesihlanu yi-actuator, okuyizinto ezenza imisebenzi ebonakalayo: ama-pump motors, ama-solenoid valves, ama-servo, ama-electric breakers, kanye namanye amadivayisi okulawula. Ukuhlanganiswa kwalezi zingxenye ezinhlanu kwakha "umjikelezo wokuzenzakalela" wokuzwa, ukucubungula, kanye nokusebenza.
Izindawo Ezivame Kakhulu Zokwenza Izinto Ezizenzakalelayo Emikhumbini Yezimpahla
Emikhumbi yezimpahla, ukuzenzekela ngokuvamile kugxila ezinhlelweni ezimbalwa ezibalulekile. Ukuzenzakalela Kwegumbi Lenjini kuyindlela ebanzi kakhulu, ehlanganisa injini eyinhloko, uhlelo lokuthambisa, ukupholisa, uphethiloli, umoya ocindezelwe (umoya wokuqala), kanye nezinhlelo zokukhipha umoya. Ukuzenzakalela kuvumela ukuqapha imingcele ebalulekile futhi kunikeza izexwayiso zakuqala uma kwenzeka kuba nokungahambi kahle, njengokwenyuka kwamazinga okushisa okuthwala noma ukwehla kwengcindezi kawoyela.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Power Management System (PMS) ilawula ukukhiqizwa kukagesi komkhumbi. I-PMS inesibopho sokwabelana ngomthwalo phakathi kwamajeneretha, ukuvula noma ukuvala amajeneretha ngokusekelwe ekudingweni komthwalo, kanye nokuvikela uhlelo ekucimeni komlilo. Emikhumbini yezimpahla ethwala imishini eyengeziwe njengama-crane noma izitsha ze-reefer, ukuphathwa kwamandla okufanele kubalulekile ukuvimbela ukuphazamiseka kokusebenza.
Ezinye izinhlelo ezivame ukuzenzakalela zifaka phakathi izinhlelo ze-ballast kanye ne-bilge. Ezinhlelweni ze-ballast, ukuzenzakalela kusiza ukugcina ukuzinza komkhumbi ngokugcwalisa nokuthulula amathangi e-ballast ngokuphephile. Ezinhlelweni ze-bilge, uhlelo lungathola amazinga amanzi egumbini lenjini futhi lusebenze amaphampu e-bilge uma kudingeka, kuyilapho luphinde lubangele i-alamu uma izinga liphezulu kakhulu.
Emikhumbi enemithwalo ebucayi, njengemithwalo ye-reefer noma izitsha eziqandisiwe, ukuzenzakalela kuhlanganisa nokuqapha izinga lokushisa kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla. Ngasohlangothini lokuphepha, izinhlelo ezifana nokuthola umlilo, ukutholwa kwegesi, kanye nokuvalwa okuphuthumayo ziyizingxenye ezibalulekile ze-automation ehlanganisiwe.
Ukuhlanganiswa Kokuzulazula Nokusebenza Kwemikhumbi
Nakuba kuvame kakhulu egumbini lenjini, ukuzenzekela kuyathuthuka nasezindaweni zokuzulazula kanye nokusebenza kwemikhumbi. Izinhlelo ezifana ne-autopilot, i-ECDIS (Ukubonisa Ishadi Le-elekthronikhi kanye Nohlelo Lolwazi), i-AIS, i-radar, kanye nezinzwa zesimo sezulu zingahlanganiswa ukusiza izinqumo zokuzulazula. Emikhumbi yesimanje yezimpahla, idatha yokuzulazula kanye neyenjini ivame ukuhlanganiswa ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle, isibonelo, ukukhetha isivinini esongayo ngokusekelwe ezimweni zolwandle kanye ne-ETA eqondiwe (Isikhathi Esilinganiselwe Sokufika).
Umqondo wokwenza ngcono uhambo, osebenzisa idatha yomlando neyesikhathi sangempela ukuphatha imizila, isivinini, kanye nokusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli, uya ngokuya uthandwa. Nakuba ungasithathi indawo ngokuphelele isihambisi, lolu hlelo lusiza ekunciphiseni izindleko zokusebenza kanye nokukhishwa kwegesi.
Izinzuzo Zezinhlelo Zokuzenzakalela
Inzuzo esobala kakhulu ukuphepha okwandisiwe. Ama-alamu azenzakalelayo kanye nezikhiye kungavimbela umonakalo obulalayo, njengokuvala injini lapho umfutho kawoyela wehla kakhulu noma ukuvala uphethiloli lapho kutholakala umlilo.
Enye inzuzo ukusebenza kahle. Ukuzenzakalela kusiza ukuthuthukisa ukushisa, ukulawula imithwalo yejeneretha, nokunciphisa imfucuza yamandla. Esikalini semikhumbi yezimpahla, ngisho nokonga uphethiloli okuncane kungaba nomthelela omkhulu kwezezimali wesikhathi eside.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuzenzakalela kusekela ukulungiswa okubikezelayo. Ngezinzwa zokudlidliza kanye nokushisa, izimo zemishini zingaqashwa njalo, okuvumela ukulungiswa ukuthi kwenziwe ngokusekelwe ezimweni zangempela (ukulungiswa okusekelwe ezimweni), hhayi nje ishejuli. Le ndlela inciphisa isikhathi sokungasebenzi futhi yandisa impilo yengxenye.
Ngokombono wokuphatha, izinhlelo zokwenza izinto ngokuzenzakalela zenza kube lula ukugcinwa kwamarekhodi nokubika. Idatha yokusebenza ingaqoshwa ngokuzenzakalelayo ukuze kuhlolwe, kuphenywe ngezigameko, futhi kulandelwe imithethonqubo yokukhishwa kwegesi kanye nokuphepha.
Izinselele Zokusebenzisa kanye Nezingozi
Naphezu kwezinzuzo zayo eziningi, ukuzenzakalela nakho kuletha izinselele. Okokuqala ukuthembela ezinhlelweni ze-elekthronikhi. Ukwehluleka kwezinzwa, ukuphazamiseka kwenethiwekhi, noma ukwehluleka kwesilawuli kungabangela amaphutha okufunda noma okulawula. Ngakho-ke, izinqubo zokuphindaphinda kanye nezinqubo ezenziwe ngesandla kusamele zibe khona.
Okwesibili udaba lokuphepha kwe-inthanethi. Imikhumbi yesimanje ixhumeka kakhulu kumanethiwekhi asuka ogwini aye ogwini, okuyifaka engcupheni yokuhlaselwa kwe-inthanethi. Imikhuba efana nokuhlukaniswa kwenethiwekhi, ukuvuselelwa kwesistimu, ukulawulwa kokufinyelela, kanye nokuqeqeshwa kwabasebenzi kubalulekile ukuvimbela ukuthi okuzenzakalelayo kungabi sengozini.
Okwesithathu ukulungela izinsizakusebenza zabantu. Amalungu eqembu kudingeka aqonde ukuthi angafunda kanjani idatha, aphendule kuma-alamu, futhi enze ukuxazulula izinkinga eziyisisekelo ezinhlelweni zokwenza izinto ngokuzenzakalela. Ngaphandle kokuqeqeshwa okwanele, ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe bungafaka ukudideka esimweni esiphuthumayo.
Okwesine yizindleko zokutshalwa kwezimali nokuhlanganisa. Ukufaka uhlelo oluphumelelayo lokuzenzakalela kudinga ukuhlela, ukukhetha abathengisi, ukuhlolwa okusebenzayo, ukugunyazwa, kanye nesitifiketi. Ukuhlanganisa nemishini yakudala ngokuvamile kuyisenzo esiyinkimbinkimbi esidinga indlela ehlukaniswe ngezigaba.
Ikusasa Lokuzenzakalela Kwemikhumbi Ethwala Impahla
Ukuzenzakalela kwemikhumbi yezimpahla kuya ezinhlelweni ezihlakaniphile nezixhumene kakhulu. I-Maritime IoT, ukuhlaziywa kwedatha, kanye nobuhlakani bokwenziwa kuyasetshenziswa ukubikezela ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli, ukubona amaphethini omonakalo kusenesikhathi, kanye nokwenza ngcono amashejuli okulungisa. Amaphrojekthi amaningana nawo ahlola umqondo wemikhumbi ezimele, yize ukusetshenziswa kwayo kabanzi kusabhekene nezinselele zokulawula, ukuphepha, kanye nokwamukelwa kwemboni.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, isidingo sokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi siqhuba ukuzenzekela ukuze kusekelwe ukusetshenziswa kwamafutha ahlukile njenge-LNG, i-methanol, noma i-ammonia. Izinhlelo zokulawula nokuqapha zizoba zibaluleke kakhulu ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuphephile kwamafutha amasha.
Isiphetho
Izinhlelo zokuzenzakalela zemikhumbi yezimpahla ziyisisekelo esibalulekile sokusebenza kwemikhumbi yesimanje. Ngokuhlanganisa izinzwa, abalawuli, amanethiwekhi okuxhumana, kanye nezixhumi zomqhubi, ukuzenzakalela kuthuthukisa ukuphepha, ukusebenza kahle, kanye nokuthembeka. Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa kwayo kumele kuhambisane nesu lokuphatha ubungozi, ikakhulukazi maqondana nokuphepha kwe-cyber, ukuthembeka kwemishini, kanye nekhono labasebenzi. Kusukela phambili, ukuzenzakalela kuzothuthuka kakhulu kube izinhlelo ezihlakaniphile eziqhutshwa idatha ezisekela ukusebenza kahle kwamandla, ukunciphisa ukukhishwa komoya, kanye nokusebenza kwemikhumbi okuvumelana kakhulu nokuguquguquka kwempahla yomhlaba wonke.
