Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza Ingilazi Obunciphisa Ukushisa Nomthwalo Wemisebe
Ingilazi iyinto ebalulekile ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo zanamuhla. Cishe zonke izakhiwo—kusukela emakhaya nasezindlini zamahhovisi kuya ezitolo ezinkulu nasezindaweni zomphakathi—zithembele engilazini ukuze zingenise ukukhanya kwemvelo, zidale umuzwa wendawo, futhi zidale ubuhle obuhlanzekile. Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa kwengilazi nakho kuletha izinselele ezinkulu: ukushisa kwelanga okungena ngezimbobo zengilazi kungandisa amazinga okushisa egumbi, kwandise imithwalo yokupholisa (imithwalo ye-AC), futhi kubangele ukungakhululeki kwabahlala khona. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imisebe yelanga, ikakhulukazi i-ultraviolet (UV), ingalimaza ifenisha, izindwangu, kanye nokuqedwa kwangaphakathi. Ngokusekelwe kulezi zidingo, imboni yengilazi ithuthukise ubuchwepheshe obuhlukahlukene bokwenza ingilazi obunganciphisa imithwalo yokushisa kanye nemisebe ngaphandle kokunciphisa ikhwalithi yokukhanya.
Ukuqonda imithombo yokushisa kanye nemisebe engilazini
Ukukhanya kwelanga okufinyelela ebusweni bengilazi kuqukethe izingxenye eziningana eziyinhloko: ukukhanya okubonakalayo, i-infrared (IR), okufana nokushisa, kanye ne-ultraviolet (UV), okufaka isandla ekuphelelweni kombala kanye nokuwohloka kwezinto. Ngengilazi ejwayelekile (ingilazi ecacile/entantayo), iningi lemisebe yelanga idluliselwa ekamelweni, ikakhulukazi ku-spectrum ye-near-infrared. Ngenxa yalokho, igumbi liyashisa yize ukukhanya kuzwakala "kuhle." Yilapho ubuchwepheshe bengilazi obusebenzisa amandla okusebenza buqala khona: ukucindezela ukudluliselwa kokushisa (ikakhulukazi i-IR) nokuvimba i-UV, ngenkathi kugcinwa ukudluliselwa kokukhanya okubonakalayo ukuze igumbi lihlale likhanya.
Ingilazi ephansi (ephansi) ye-E: ubuchwepheshe bokunciphisa ukushisa okuyinhloko
Enye yezinto ezintsha ezinethonya elikhulu yi-Low-E glass, ingilazi encane, ekhipha ukungcola okuncane ekhombisa imisebe yokushisa. Lolu ngqimba luvame ukuba ifilimu encane kakhulu (elingana ne-nanometer) yensimbi noma i-metal oxide, okwenza ibonakale icacile kodwa inezakhiwo zokukhanya ezikhethiwe: idlulisela ukukhanya okubonakalayo kodwa ikhombisa ukukhanya kwe-infrared.
Ngokuvamile, kunezindlela ezimbili zokukhiqiza i-Low-E:
1. I-Pyrolytic (uboya obuqinile)
Isembozo sisetshenziswa ngenkathi ingilazi isashisa ngesikhathi senqubo yokukhiqizwa kwe-float, okuvumela isembozo ukuthi sinamathele kakhulu ebusweni bengilazi. Izinzuzo zaso zifaka phakathi ukuqina kanye nokulula kokuphathwa. Kodwa-ke, ukusebenza kwayo kokushisa ngokuvamile kuphansi kunohlobo olunamathelisiwe.
2. Ukuphalaza kwe-Magnetron (uboya obuthambile)
Isembozo senziwe ngenqubo yokufaka i-vacuum, kusetshenziswa indlela yokufaka i-sputter ukuze kufakwe ungqimba lwensimbi (ngokuvamile isiliva/i-Ag) kanye nesembozo se-oxide esivikelayo. Lobu buchwepheshe buvumela ukulawulwa okunembile kwe-spectrum yokukhanya edlulisiwe neboniswayo, okuholela ekusebenzeni okuthuthukisiwe kakhulu kokushabalalisa ukushisa. Ngenxa yokuthi isembozo sibucayi kakhulu, le ngilazi ivame ukusetshenziswa kumayunithi acwebezelwe kabili (ama-IGU) ukuze kuvikelwe.
I-Low-E ayigcini nje ngokunciphisa ukukhuphuka kokushisa kodwa futhi ivimbela ukudluliselwa kokushisa kusuka ngaphakathi kuya ngaphandle. Ezimweni ezishisayo, inzuzo yayo eyinhloko ukunciphisa ukukhuphuka kokushisa kwelanga, kanti ezimweni ezibandayo, i-Low-E nayo iyasiza ekugcineni ukushisa kungaphumi.
Ingilazi yokulawula ilanga: ikhetha i-spectrum
Ngaphezu kwe-Low-E, kunengilazi yokulawula ilanga eyenzelwe ngqo ukunciphisa ukukhuphuka kokushisa kwelanga (ukukhuphuka kokushisa ngenxa yemisebe yelanga). Lobu buchwepheshe busebenza ngenhlanganisela yalokhu:
– Ukwembozwa okubonisa ukukhanya noma okukhetha i-spectrum: kubonisa eminye yemisebe ye-infrared.
– Ukumuncwa nokususwa kokushisa: ingilazi ethile enombala imunca amandla elanga, bese kancane kancane iwabuyisela endaweni engaphandle.
Ingilazi elawulwa yilanga ivame ukusetshenziswa ezindongeni zezakhiwo ezinde noma ezakhiweni ezinezimbobo ezinkulu zengilazi. Inzuzo yayo ukunciphisa ukushisa okukhulu, kodwa idinga ukwakheka ngokucophelela ukuze kugwenywe ukukhanya okukhulu endaweni ezungezile.
Ingilazi enombala futhi emunca ukushisa: ukufiphaza ukuze kugcinwe ukushisa
Ubuchwepheshe obulandelayo yingilazi enombala, noma ingilazi emunca ukushisa. Ngesikhathi senqubo yokukhiqiza ingilazi entantayo, kunezelwa amakhemikhali athile ensimbi ukuze kushintshwe izici zokumunca kwengilazi—isibonelo, ukukhiqiza imibala eluhlaza, empunga, noma yethusi. Le ngilazi enombala ivame ukwenza okulandelayo:
- Nciphisa amandla okukhanya nokushisa okungenayo,
- Nciphisa ukukhanya,
– Inikeza ukubukeka okuhle okuthile.
Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokuthi ukushisa okwengeziwe kudonswa yingilazi, izinga lokushisa lobuso lingakhuphuka. Ngakho-ke, kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza, ingozi yokucindezeleka kokushisa kanye nesidingo sezinqubo zokuqinisa ezifana nokushisa noma ukuqinisa ukushisa kumele kucatshangelwe.
Ingilazi elaminethiwe ene-interlayer evimba i-UV ne-IR
Ingilazi elaminethiwe yenziwa ngokuhlanganisa amaphepha amabili noma ngaphezulu engilazi nefilimu ephakathi (i-interlayer), ngokuvamile i-PVB (polyvinyl butyral) noma i-EVA. Inhloso yokuqala yengilazi elaminethiwe kwakuwukuphepha: uma iphukile, izingcezu zengilazi zinamathela efilimini. Kodwa-ke, ubuchwepheshe besimanje obuhlanganisa i-interlayer bunganikeza nemisebenzi eyengeziwe:
– Ivimba i-UV ngempumelelo enkulu (ngokuvamile ifinyelela ngaphezu kwama-95% e-UV),
- Nciphisa ukukhanya,
– Ezinhlotsheni ezithile, kusiza ukunciphisa ukudluliselwa kokushisa (kuye ngokuthi kufakwe kanjani izingqimba ezingaphakathi).
Ngakho-ke, ingilazi egqitshwe ngamalambu isiba ukukhetha okuthandwayo kwezakhiwo ezidinga ukuvikelwa kwangaphakathi (isb. amagalari, izitolo, noma amakhaya anefenisha ezwela ukubuna).
Ukugqokisa kabili (Iyunithi Yengilazi Evikela Ukushisa/IGU): isu “lesikhala phakathi kwengilazi”
Obunye ubuchwepheshe obubalulekile ukugqokisa kabili, noma i-IGU, equkethe amaphepha amabili engilazi ahlukaniswe ngesikhala ukuze kwakheke umgodi ogcwele umoya owomile noma igesi engasebenzi (njenge-argon). Izinzuzo zama-IGU yilezi:
- Yehlisa ukudluliselwa kokushisa okuqhubayo nokudlulisa ukushisa,
- Thuthukisa induduzo yokushisa eduze kwamafasitela,
– Kuvimbela ukujiya ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile.
Ama-IGU avame ukuhlanganiswa nengilazi ye-Low-E: isibonelo, ingilazi yangaphandle yokulawula ilanga, ingilazi yangaphakathi ene-Low-E coating ukuthuthukisa ukufudumala. Le nhlanganisela ikhiqiza ukusebenza okungcono kakhulu kunengilazi eyodwa.
Izitsha zobumba ezifriziwe kanye nengilazi enamaphethini: indlela ehlanganisiwe yomthunzi
Ukuze kuncishiswe ukushisa ngaphandle kokuthembela ngokuphelele ekumbozweni, imboni isebenzisa ne-ceramic frit (iphethini ye-ceramic) engilazini. Le phethini iyabunjwa bese ibhakwa engilazini, idale isibopho esihlala njalo. Imisebenzi yayo eyinhloko yile:
– Nciphisa ubukhali bemisebe yelanga (ukufiphaza),
- Nciphisa ukukhanya,
- Yengeza ubumfihlo kanye nobuhle.
Ama-frit avame ukuhlanganiswa nemiklamo ye-facade, isibonelo amaphethini e-gradient aminyene ezindaweni ezithola ukukhanya kwelanga okuqondile.
Ukuqinisa (okuthambile/okuqiniswe ukushisa) ukuze kumelane nemithwalo yokushisa
Uma ingilazi iklanyelwe ukumunca noma ukukhombisa ukushisa, i-gradient yokushisa phezu kobuso bengilazi inganda. Ukuze kuncishiswe ingozi yokuphuka ngenxa yokucindezeleka kokushisa, ingilazi ivame ukucutshungulwa ibe:
– Iqinisiwe (ingilazi eqinisiwe): iqinile futhi iqhekeka ibe yizicucu ezincane.
– Kuqiniswe ukushisa: amandla aphakathi, ukuphuka okukhulu kunokushisa.
Le nqubo yokuqinisa akuyona ubuchwepheshe bokunciphisa ukushisa ngqo, kodwa ibaluleke kakhulu njengengxenye yokwakhiwa kwezinhlelo zengilazi ezisebenza ngaphansi kwezimo zokushisa eziphakeme.
Izinkomba zokusebenza: I-SHGC, i-U-value, kanye ne-VLT
Ukuze ukhethe ubuchwepheshe obufanele, ukusebenza kwengilazi kuvame ukuhlolwa kusetshenziswa amapharamitha amaningana:
– I-SHGC (I-Solar Heat Gain Coefficient): uma incane, kulapho kungena khona ukushisa kwelanga okuncane.
– Inani lika-U: uma lincane, lingcono kakhulu ikhono lokuvikela ukushisa (kunciphisa ukudluliselwa kokushisa).
– I-VLT (Ukudlulisa Ukukhanya Okubonakalayo): uma kuphezulu, ukukhanya okubonakalayo kungena kakhulu.
Inhloso engcono kakhulu ngokuvamile i-SHGC ephansi kanye ne-VLT ephezulu, ngakho igumbi lihlala likhanya kodwa lingashisi. Kodwa-ke, kuhlale kukhona ukuhwebelana mayelana nezindleko, umbala, izinga lokukhanya, kanye nezidingo zobuhle.
Isiqondiso sokusungula izinto ezintsha: ingilazi ehlakaniphile kanye nezingubo zesizukulwane esisha
Esikhathini esizayo, ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza ingilazi buzoqhubeka ngokuya ezintweni ezisebenzayo eziguquguqukayo, isibonelo:
– Ingilazi ye-electrochromic: izinga lobumnyama liyashintsha nge-voltage kagesi, okulawula ukushisa kanye nokukhanya ngamandla.
– Ingilazi ye-Thermochromic: ishintsha impendulo ekushiseni.
– Ukugqoka okukhethiwe kwe-spectrum okuthuthukisiwe: kwandisa ukukhetha (kudlula ukukhanya okubonakalayo kodwa kuvimbela i-IR ngempumelelo enkulu).
– Ukuhlanganiswa ne-photovoltaics (BIPV): ingilazi ikhiqiza ugesi ngenkathi inciphisa imisebe engenayo.
Nakuba ezinye ubuchwepheshe zisabiza kakhulu, izitayela zokusebenzisa kahle amandla kanye nezindinganiso zokwakha eziluhlaza ziqhuba ukwamukelwa kabanzi.
I-Penutup
Ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza ingilazi obunciphisa ukushisa kanye nemithwalo yemisebe bushintsha ngokushesha, kusukela ku-Low-E, ukulawulwa kwelanga, ama-laminate anombala, asebenzayo, kuya ezinhlelweni ezinengilazi ephindwe kabili. Inketho ngayinye inezindlela zayo zokusebenza, izinzuzo, kanye nemikhawulo. Isihluthulelo sempumelelo sisekukhetheni inhlanganisela efanela isimo sezulu, ukuqondiswa kwesakhiwo, ukwakheka kobuso, kanye nezidingo zokunethezeka komuntu ohlala kuso. Ngokusetshenziswa kahle, ingilazi ayiseyona "umthombo wokushisa" esakhiweni, kodwa iyinto ehlakaniphile esekela ukusebenza kahle kwamandla, induduzo yokubona, kanye nokuvikelwa kwangaphakathi emisebeni yelanga.
