Izinhlobo Zengilazi Ezisetshenziswa Ekwenziweni Kwemishini Yezokwelapha Neyelebhu
Ingilazi ingenye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni wezokwelapha kanye nowelebhu. Ukucaca kwayo, ukungangeni kahle kwamakhemikhali amaningi, ukulula kokuhlanzwa, kanye nekhono lokukhiqizwa ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene zokunemba kwenza kube kuhle kakhulu emishinini efuna ukuhlanzeka nokunemba. Kodwa-ke, akuzona zonke ingilazi ezinezici ezifanayo. Empeleni, izimboni zikhetha izinhlobo ezithile zengilazi ngokusekelwe ezidingweni zazo: ukumelana nokushisa, ukuqina kwamakhemikhali, amandla omshini, kanye namakhono okubulala amagciwane aphindaphindwayo. Lesi sihloko sixoxa ngezinhlobo zengilazi ezivame ukusetshenziswa ekwenziweni kwemishini yezokwelapha neyelebhu, kanye nezinzuzo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwazo.
Kungani Ingilazi Ikhethwa Njengezinto Zokwelapha Nezokwelapha?
Kunezizathu eziningana ezibalulekile zokuthi kungani ingilazi ihlala iyisinqumo esithandwayo, yize ipulasitiki nensimbi nazo zisetshenziswa kabanzi. Okokuqala, ingilazi ngokuvamile ayisebenzi kumakhemikhali amaningi, okwenza ifanelekele izitsha zesampula ze-reagent, i-solvent, kanye ne-biological. Okwesibili, ingilazi imelana nezinqubo zokubulala amagciwane njenge-autoclaving (umusi ocindezelwe), ukushisa okomile, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezibulala-magciwane. Okwesithathu, ukucaca kwengilazi kuvumela ukubonwa okuqondile—isibonelo, umbala wesisombululo, inhlabathi, ukungcola, noma izinguquko zevolumu. Okwesine, ingilazi ingakhiqizwa ukuze ivumelane nobukhulu obuqinile, okubalulekile ezintweni zokulinganisa ezifana nama-pipettes nama-burette.
Kodwa-ke, ingilazi nayo inobuthakathaka, njengokuba buthakathaka uma ishaywa futhi ithambekele ekuqhekekeni ngenxa yokushaqeka kokushisa (ukushintsha kwezinga lokushisa okungazelelwe) uma kusetshenziswa uhlobo olungalungile. Ngakho-ke, ukukhetha ukwakheka kwengilazi okufanele kubalulekile.
1. Ingilazi ye-Borosilicate
Ingilazi ye-borosilicate uhlobo lwengilazi oluhlotshaniswa kakhulu nemishini yelabhorethri. Ukwakheka kwayo kuqukethe i-silica (SiO₂) kanye nokwengezwa kwe-boron oxide (B₂O₃), enikeza ukumelana okuphezulu nezinguquko zokushisa futhi ithuthukise ukumelana kwamakhemikhali.
Ukuvelela
– Imelana nokushaqeka kokushisa: iyakwazi ukusuka ezimweni ezishisayo iye ezimweni ezibandayo ngaphandle kokuqhekeka kalula.
– Ukumelana namakhemikhali: kufanelekile kuma-asidi, izisekelo kanye nezinyibilikisi eziphilayo ezisetshenziswayo eziningi.
– Izinzile ekufudumaleni: ilungele ukufudumeza ngqo noma ukusebenzisa ipuleti elishisayo.
Ukuqonda kahle
– I-Beaker, i-flask ye-Erlenmeyer, i-test tube, i-flask yokulinganisa, i-burette, i-glass pipette.
– Amabhodlela e-reagent kanye nezitsha ezithile zemidiya yokukhulisa izithombo.
– Izitsha zokusabela kwamakhemikhali okudinga ukushisa.
Ingilazi ye-borosilicate ivame ukukhethwa ngamathuluzi abhekana nemijikelezo yokushisa nokupholisa njalo futhi adinga ukuqina isikhathi eside.
2. Ingilazi yeSoda-Lime (Ingilazi yeSodium Lime)
Ingilazi ye-soda-lime iyingilazi evame kakhulu empilweni yansuku zonke (isb., ingilazi yefasitela) ngenxa yezindleko zayo zokukhiqiza eziphansi. Ukwakheka kwayo kuyi-silica ikakhulukazi enezengezo ze-sodium oxide (Na₂O) kanye ne-calcium oxide (CaO). Le ngilazi isasetshenziswa emkhakheni wezokwelapha, kodwa hhayi kuzo zonke izinhlelo zokusebenza.
Ukuvelela
– Kuyonga futhi kulula ukukwakha: kufanelekile ukukhiqizwa ngobuningi.
– Ukucaca okuhle: kwenza kube lula ukuhlola ngokubona.
Ukulinganiselwa
– Ukumelana nokushaqeka okuphansi kokushisa kune-borosilicate.
– Ukumelana namakhemikhali okumaphakathi: kungathinteka kalula yizixazululo ezithile uma zisetshenziswa isikhathi eside.
Ukuqonda kahle
– Izitsha zeglasi ezisetshenziswa kanye noma ezisetshenziswa kancane.
– Amanye amabhodlela nezitsha ezingabalulekile.
– Ezinye izibuko zokumboza ezinemininingwane ekhethekile (yize izibuko eziningi zokumboza zesimanje zisebenzisa izindlela ezithuthukisiwe).
Elabhorethri, i-soda-lime ngokuvamile ayikhethwa ukuze ifudumale kakhulu noma isetshenziswe ngokuphindaphindiwe ngamakhemikhali anolaka.
3. Ingilazi ye-Aluminosilicate
Ingilazi ye-aluminosilicate iqukethe i-alumina (Al₂O₃) ngaphezu kwe-silica, ekhulisa amandla okusebenza kanye nokumelana namazinga okushisa aphezulu. Lolu hlobo luvame ukusetshenziswa lapho kudingeka inhlanganisela yokumelana nokushisa okungcono kanye namandla.
Ukuvelela
– Iqine ngokwemishini kune-borosilicate ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile.
– Ukumelana nokushisa okuphezulu: kufanelekile ukusetshenziswa okunamandla kakhulu.
– Imelana nokuklwebheka kakhulu: iwusizo ezindaweni ezivame ukuhlangana neminye imishini.
Ukuqonda kahle
– Ezinye izingxenye zezinsimbi zokuhlaziya zichayeka ekushiseni.
– Izingxenye zengilazi zezinsimbi ezithile zelebhu kanye nemishini yokukhanya.
– Izicelo ezikhethekile ezidinga ukuzinza emazingeni okushisa aphezulu.
Ingilazi ye-aluminosilicate iyatholakala nasebuchwephesheni besimanje, kufaka phakathi izingxenye ezidinga ukumelana okuphezulu ngokomzimba.
4. Ingilazi ye-Quartz (Ingilazi ye-Silica ehlanganisiwe / ingilazi ye-Quartz)
Ingilazi ye-Quartz, noma i-silica ehlanganisiwe, inokuqukethwe okuphezulu kakhulu kwe-silica (cishe imsulwa). Lokhu kuyinika ukumelana nokushisa okuphezulu kanye nokudluliswa kokukhanya, kufaka phakathi ububanzi be-ultraviolet (UV), ingilazi evamile engakwazi ukudlula kuyo kahle.
Ukuvelela
– Ukumelana nokushisa okuphezulu kakhulu: iyakwazi ukumelana nokushisa okukhulu kakhulu kune-borosilicate.
– Ukudluliswa okuhle kwe-UV: kubalulekile ekusetshenzisweni kwe-UV spectrophotometry kanye ne-photochemical.
– Ukumelana okuhle kwamakhemikhali: yize kusadingeka ukuqaphela ngezinto ezithile ezifana ne-HF (i-hydrofluoric acid) ezingahlasela i-silica.
Ukuqonda kahle
– I-Quartz cuvette ye-UV-Vis spectrophotometer.
– Amapayipi noma izingxenye ezisemishinini esebenzisa i-UV, njengokuhlanza i-UV noma ukuhlaziywa okuthile kwe-photometric.
– Imishini edinga ukushisa okuphezulu kakhulu kanye nokuqina kobukhulu.
Ngenxa yokuthi inqubo yokukhiqiza nezinto zokusetshenziswa zibiza kakhulu, ingilazi ye-quartz ivame ukusetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zokusebenza ezidinga ukusebenza okuphezulu kakhulu.
5. Ingilazi Yomthofu
Ingilazi yomthofu iqukethe i-lead oxide (PbO), eyinika ukuminyana okuphezulu kanye namandla athile okumunca imisebe. Ezimweni zezokwelapha, ukusetshenziswa kwayo kuqondile kakhulu: ukuvikelwa kwemisebe.
Ukuvelela
– Ukuvikelwa kwemisebe: kunciphisa ngempumelelo ukuchayeka kuma-X-ray noma emisebeni ethile.
– Ukucaca: kuvumela ukubonwa ngenkathi kuvikelwe.
Ukuqonda kahle
– Amafasitela avikelayo egumbini le-radiology.
– Ukuvikela okusobala emishinini ekhipha imisebe.
Ukusetshenziswa kwengilazi enomthofu kumele kucabangele izici zokuphepha kanye nemithetho, okuhlanganisa nokuphathwa kwemfucuza uma izinto kufanele zishintshwe.
6. Ingilazi Ekhethekile Yama-Ampoules Nezitsha Zemithi (Ukupakisha Ngengilazi)
Embonini yezemithi, ingilazi yokupakisha efana nama-ampoules, ama-injection vials, namabhodlela omthamo ahlanzekile ingaphansi kwezindinganiso eziqinile. Ingilazi enokumelana okuphezulu kwe-hydrolytic ivame ukusetshenziswa ngoba iphakheji ihlangana ngqo nomuthi futhi kumele ivimbele ukungcoliswa kwe-ionic.
Ukuvelela
– Ukuqina okuphezulu maqondana namanzi kanye nezixazululo zamanzi (i-hydrolytic).
– Kunciphisa ukusebenzisana kwezidakamizwa nokupakisha, kusiza ukugcina ukuqina kwezidakamizwa.
– Ifanelekela izinqubo zokuhlanza nokugcwalisa i-aseptic.
Ukuqonda kahle
– Ama-ampoules omjovo, amabhodlela okugoma, amabhodlela athile okufutha, amakhatriji amadivayisi okufutha.
Empeleni, ingilazi yokupakisha imithi ihlukaniswa ngokususelwa ekumelaneni kwayo ne-hydrolytic kanye nokwelashwa kwendawo. Ukukhetha uhlobo kuthonywa kakhulu uhlobo lomuthi (i-pH, okuqukethwe usawoti, okuqukethwe amaprotheni, kanye nokuzwela kwama-ion).
Izinto Okufanele Uzicabangele Ngokukhetha Ingilazi Yemishini Yezokwelapha Neyelebhu
Ukukhetha ingilazi akukhona nje ukuthi "imelana nokushisa" noma "icacile." Nazi ezinye izinto ezibalulekile ezivame ukuqondisa ukukhetha kwakho:
1. Ukumelana nokushaqeka kokushisa: kubalulekile emishinini evame ukufudunyezwa bese ipholiswa, isibonelo amabhodlela emidiya namaflaski okusabela.
2. Ukumelana namakhemikhali: kunquma ukuthi isitsha siphephile yini kuma-asidi aqinile, izisekelo eziqinile, noma izinyibilikisi ezithile.
3. Izidingo zokukhanya: kumathuluzi okuhlaziya, ukucaca kanye nokudluliselwa kwamaza athile (kufaka phakathi i-UV) kubalulekile.
4. Amandla okusebenza: amathuluzi avame ukuhanjiswa, ukugezwa, noma ukuboshwa adinga ingilazi ekwazi ukumelana kakhulu nemihuzuko kanye nokushaywa.
5. Ukuhlanza nokuhlanza: izindawo kumele kube lula ukuzihlanza futhi zingamuncwi kalula ukungcola.
6. Izindinganiso nemithethonqubo: amadivayisi ezokwelapha kanye nokupakishwa kwemithi kumele kuhlangabezane nezindinganiso zemboni mayelana nokuphepha kanye nokuhambisana.
I-Penutup
Ingilazi isalokhu iyinto ebalulekile ekukhiqizweni kwemishini yezokwelapha neyelebhu ngenxa yokuhlanganiswa kwayo kwezakhiwo: ukucaca, ukuqina kwamakhemikhali, kanye nekhono lokumelana nezindlela ezahlukahlukene zokubulala amagciwane. Kodwa-ke, uhlobo lwengilazi esetshenziswayo lunquma kakhulu ukuphepha nokusebenza kwemishini. Ingilazi ye-borosilicate ithandwa kakhulu yimishini yelebhu evamile ngenxa yokumelana kwayo nokushisa namakhemikhali. Ingilazi ye-soda-lime isetshenziswa ekusetshenzisweni okulula nokungabizi kakhulu. I-Aluminosilicate ne-quartz zikhethwa kakhulu ezidingweni zokushisa okuphezulu kanye nezicelo ezikhethekile ze-optical, kuyilapho ingilazi ye-lead idlala indima ebalulekile ekuvikelweni kwemisebe. Ekupakishweni kwemithi okufana nama-ampoules nama-vials, ingilazi enokumelana okuphezulu kwe-hydrolytic iyindinganiso.
Ngokuqonda izici zohlobo ngalunye lwengilazi, amalabhorethri, izikhungo zezempilo, kanye nemboni yezemithi, bangakhetha imishini efaneleka kakhulu, ephephile, futhi eqinile—ngenkathi begcina ikhwalithi yemiphumela yokuhlolwa kanye nokuphepha komsebenzisi.
