Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza Izintambo Ngezinto Zokufaka Ukushisa
Amakhebula ayisici esibalulekile sezinhlelo zikagesi nezokuxhumana zesimanje. Kusukela ekufakweni kwezindlu kanye namanethiwekhi ezimboni kuya kwezokuthutha, izitshalo zikagesi kanye nezikhungo zedatha, konke kuncike ezintanjeni ukuze kudluliselwe amandla noma amasignali ngokuphephile nangokungaguquguquki. Njengoba isidingo sokuthembeka nokuphepha sikhula, ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza amakhebula buyaqhubeka nokuthuthuka, ikakhulukazi maqondana nokufakwa kokushisa. Ukuqamba okusha okubalulekile ukusetshenziswa kwezinto zokufakwa kokushisa, ezenzelwe ukugcina ukushisa, ukunciphisa ukudluliselwa kokushisa, kanye nokugcina ukusebenza kwekhebula lapho kusebenza ezindaweni ezishisa kakhulu noma ezindaweni ezishisayo.
1. Kungani Ukushisa Okushisayo Kubalulekile Kumakhebula?
Umsebenzi oyinhloko wokufakwa kwekhebula ukuvimbela ugesi ukuthi ungangeni endaweni ezungezile, ukuvimbela ama-short circuits, nokuvikela abasebenzisi ekushaqekeni kukagesi. Kodwa-ke, ezinhlotsheni eziningi, ukufakwa kwekhebula kagesi kuphela akwanele. Lapho izintambo zithwala ugesi omkhulu, ukushisa kwenzeka ngenxa yokumelana nomqhubi (ukulahlekelwa yi-I²R). Ngaphezu kwalokho, izintambo zingase zitholakale eduze kwemishini eshisayo, izindawo ezinomusi, amakamelo omshini, noma imigqa yokufaka enamazinga okushisa aphezulu.
Yilapho ukuvikela ukushisa kungena khona. Izinto zokuvikela ukushisa zisiza ukugcina amazinga okushisa ekhebula ngaphakathi kwemingcele ephephile, zinciphise ukonakala kokuvikela, futhi zinciphise ingozi yomlilo. Ezimbonini ezifana nowoyela negesi, izimayini, i-metallurgy, kanye nezokuthutha ngesitimela, izintambo zivame ukudingeka ukuthi zingashisi, zingashisi, futhi zisebenze ngisho nasezimweni eziphuthumayo.
2. Isakhiwo Sekhebula kanye Nesendlalelo Sokuvimbela Ukushisa
Ngokuvamile, izintambo zikagesi zakhiwe ngezendlalelo eziningana:
1. Umqhubi: ngokuvamile ithusi noma i-aluminium, ngesimo sezintambo (ezinezintambo) noma eziqinile.
2. Ukufakwa kokushisa okuyinhloko: ungqimba lwe-polymer olunamathela kumqhubi wokufakwa kokushisa kagesi.
3. Isigcwalisi kanye nesihlukanisi (isigcwalisi/isihlanganisi): sigcina ukuma kanye nobuningi bezintambo ezinama-core amaningi.
4. Isivikelo sangaphakathi: isivikelo esengeziwe ngaphambi kwesendlalelo sezivikelo.
5. Izembatho/isivikelo semishini (ongakukhetha): iteyipu yensimbi noma ucingo lwensimbi lokumelana nemishini.
6. Isivikelo sangaphandle (ijazi): ukuvikelwa emvelweni (ukuguguleka, uwoyela, i-UV, amakhemikhali).
Ezintanjeni ezinezidingo eziphezulu zokushisa, ukwakheka kokushisa kuvame ukuthuthukiswa ngezinto ezikhethekile ezinokumelana okungcono kokushisa, ukumelana nomlilo, kanye nokuqina komshini.
3. Izinhlobo Ezivamile Zezinto Zokufaka Ukushisa
Ezinye izinto zokuvikela ukushisa ezivame ukusetshenziswa embonini yekhebula zifaka:
a. I-XLPE (i-Cross-Linked Polyethylene)
I-XLPE iyi-polyethylene exhumene, okwenza imelane kakhulu nokushisa nokuguqulwa. Izintambo ezifakwe i-XLPE zivame ukusetshenziswa ekusatshalalisweni kwamandla ngoba zingasebenza emazingeni okushisa aphezulu kune-PVC.
b. Irabha ye-Silicone (Irabha ye-Silicone)
Irabha ye-silicone iphumelela kakhulu ekumelaneni nokuguquguquka kwezinga lokushisa eliphezulu. Izintambo ze-silicone zisetshenziswa kabanzi ezindaweni ezinamazinga okushisa aphezulu, njengezitofu zezimboni, izinhlelo zokushisa, kanye nezinhlelo ezithile zezimoto.
c. I-PTFE, i-FEP, i-PFA (i-Fluoropolymer)
Ama-fluoropolymer aziwa ngokumelana kwawo nokushisa okuphezulu, ukumelana namakhemikhali, kanye nezakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu ze-dielectric. Izintambo ezisekelwe ku-PTFE zisetshenziswa kabanzi embonini yamakhemikhali, ezindiza, nasezindaweni ezinezingozi zokugqwala okuphezulu.
d. Itheyiphu ye-Mica (Itheyiphu ye-Mica)
I-Mica ivame ukusetshenziswa njengesivikelo sokushisa nomlilo. Ezintanjeni ezingashisi, i-mica tape isetshenziselwa ukugcina ubuqotho be-insulation ngesikhathi somlilo, okuvumela izinhlelo ezibalulekile (ama-alamu, amaphampu omlilo) ukuthi zihlale zisebenza isikhathi esithile.
e. I-LSZH/LSOH (I-Halogen Ephansi Yentuthu)
Lokhu akusikho nje ukuvikela ukushisa, kodwa kuyinto yokuvikela eklanyelwe ukukhiqiza umusi omncane futhi ingabi ne-halogen uma ishiswa. Lokhu kubalulekile ekuphepheni ezindaweni ezivalekile njengezakhiwo, imigudu, imikhumbi, kanye nezitimela.
4. Izigaba Zobuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza Izintambo Ezifakwe Ukushisa
Ukukhiqizwa kwezintambo zesimanje kuncike kakhulu ekulawulweni kwekhwalithi, ukuzenzekela, kanye nokukhethwa kwezinto. Nazi izinyathelo ezijwayelekile ezivame ukusetshenziswa:
1) Ukulungiselela Nokuhoxiswa Kwabaqondisi
Izinto zokusetshenziswa zethusi/aluminium ziyadonswa (zidonswa ngocingo) ziye kububanzi obuthile. Kumakhebula aguquguqukayo, izintambo ezincane eziningana ziyasontwa ndawonye (ziboshelwe ndawonye). Ikhwalithi yomqhubi ibalulekile ngoba ithinta ukumelana, ukushisa, kanye namandla okudonsa.
2) Inqubo Yokuncibilikisa (Ukuthambisa)
Ama-conductor ngokuvamile afakwa ukuze kwandiswe ukuguquguquka nokunciphisa ukucindezeleka kwangaphakathi okubangelwa inqubo yokudweba. Lokhu kubalulekile ukuze ikhebula likwazi ukumelana nokuphuka futhi kube lula ukulifaka.
3) Ukukhishwa Okuyinhloko Kokufudumeza
Isinyathelo esiyinhloko ekukhiqizweni kokufakwa kokushisa yi-extrusion, lapho i-polymer ishiswa khona ize ibe yipulasitiki bese iphoqelelwa ngedayisi ukuze imboze ngokulinganayo umqhubi. Ngokufakwa kokushisa, imingcele ebalulekile ifaka:
– izinga lokushisa lomgqomo kanye ne-die,
- isivinini somugqa,
- ingcindezi yokukhipha,
– ukujiya kokushisa,
– ukuhambisana kwezithako (ukuhlanganiswa).
Ezintweni ezifana ne-XLPE, ukukhishwa kulandelwa inqubo yokuxhumanisa. Izinto ze-Fluoropolymer zidinga ukulawulwa okuqinile kokushisa ngoba izici zazo zokuncibilika zihlukile kwezama-polymer avamile.
4) Ukuxhumanisa Okuphambene (kwe-XLPE)
Ukuxhumanisa kungenziwa ngezindlela eziningana, isibonelo:
– Ukuxhumanisa nge-peroxide: kusetshenziswa amakhemikhali e-peroxide, okwenziwa ekushiseni okuthile.
– Ukuxhumanisa nge-silane: kusebenzisa umswakama ukuqala ukusabela kokuxhumanisa nge-cross-linking.
Ukuxhumanisa kwandisa ukumelana nokushisa futhi kuvimbela ukufudumala ukuthi "kungathambi" emazingeni okushisa aphezulu.
5) Ukufakwa kwe-Mica Tape noma i-Fireproof Layer (Uma Kudingeka)
Kumakhebula angashi, i-mica tape igoqwa izungeze ingaphakathi lekhebula. Inqubo yokugoqa kumele ibe nembambo ukuze kugwenywe izikhala ezingavumela ukushisa ukuba kuphume. Inhlanganisela ye-mica kanye ne-LSZH sheathing ivame ukusetshenziswa ezakhiweni zomphakathi.
6) Ukwakheka Kwezintambo Ezinezinsika Eziningi
Uma ikhebula linama-core amaningi, i-core ngayinye evalekile iyasontwa ndawonye (ikhebula). I-filler ingangezwa ukuze kulondolozwe isimo esiyindilinga esizinzile futhi kuvinjelwe izikhala eziningi ezingathinta ukushabalaliswa kokushisa.
7) Ukufakwa kwe-Sheathing (i-Sheathing/i-Jacket Extrusion)
Ibhokisi langaphandle likhishwe ukuze kuvikelwe imishini kanye nemvelo. Ngezidingo zokuphepha kokushisa kanye nomlilo, izinto ezilandelayo zivame ukukhethwa:
– I-LSZH yomusi ophansi,
– ama-polymer amelana namafutha noma amelana ne-UV,
– ingxube evimbela ilangabi.
8) Ukupholisa Nokugingqa
Ngemva kokukhipha, ikhebula liyapholiswa (ngokuvamile lidlula emgqonyeni wamanzi) bese liboshelwa esigubheni. Ukupholisa okulawulwayo kuvimbela ukuguguleka futhi kugcina ukujiya okuqinile kokumboza.
5. Ukuhlolwa Nokulawulwa Kwekhwalithi
Ikhebula elinokushisa aligcini nje "ngokubukeka lihle." Kumelwe lidlule ekuhlolweni okunzima, okufana nalokhu:
- ukuhlolwa kokuqhekeka kwe-dielectric,
- ukuhlolwa kokuguga kokushisa ukuze kubonwe ukonakala kwezinto,
- ukuhlolwa kokuvimbela ilangabi kanye nokumelana nomlilo, kuye ngendinganiso,
- Ubuningi bentuthu kanye nokuhlolwa kokuqukethwe kwe-halogen kwe-LSZH,
- ukuhlolwa kokujiya kokushisa kanye nokuhlolwa kokuma,
– ukuhlolwa kokuhuzuka nokuthamba kwesikhumba,
- ukuqhubeka komqhubi kanye nokuhlolwa kokumelana.
Abakhiqizi ngokuvamile banamathela ezindinganisweni zomhlaba wonke ezifana ne-IEC, i-UL, noma izindinganiso zikazwelonke ezisebenzayo. Ukuhambisana nalezi zindinganiso kunquma ukuthi ikhebula liphephile yini ukusetshenziswa ezifakelweni ezibalulekile.
6. Izinselele kanye Nezindlela Zokuthuthukiswa
Kunezinselele eziningana ezinkulu ekukhiqizweni kwezintambo ezifakwa ukushisa:
1. Ibhalansi phakathi kokumelana nokushisa nokuguquguquka: izinto ezingamelani nokushisa zivame ukuqina, ngakho-ke kudingeka ukwakheka okufanele kwesakhiwo somqhubi kanye nokwakheka kwe-polymer.
2. Ukuvumelana kwenqubo yokukhipha: ukushintshashintsha okuncane kwezinga lokushisa noma isivinini kungabangela ukujiya okungalingani futhi kuthinte ukusebenza kokushisa.
3. Izidingo ezinobungani nemvelo: izidingo zezimboni ziya ezintweni ezikhipha ukungcola okuncane, ezingaphinde zisetshenziswe, futhi ezingenangozi kakhulu.
4. Ukusetshenziswa kwezinga lokushisa elibi kakhulu: izimoto zikagesi, amandla avuselelekayo, kanye nezikhungo zedatha kwandisa isidingo sezintambo ezingasebenza ngokuqina ngaphansi kwemithwalo ephezulu ngaphandle kokuguga ngokushesha.
Izitayela zesikhathi esizayo zikhomba nezinto ezihlanganisiwe, ama-nano-fillers okwandisa ukuhanjiswa kokushisa okuthile (ukuze ukushisa kusatshalaliswe ngokulinganayo), kanye nemiklamo yekhebula elula kodwa ekwazi ukumelana nezimo ezinzima.
7. Isiphetho
Ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza izintambo kusetshenziswa izinto zokuvala ukushisa buhlanganisa isayensi yezinto, ubunjiniyela bezinqubo, kanye nezindinganiso zokuphepha. Ngokukhetha izinto ezifana ne-XLPE, i-silicone, i-fluoropolymer, noma i-mica tape, kanye nezinqubo eziqondile zokukhipha kanye nokulawula ikhwalithi, izintambo zingasebenza ngokuphephile kakhulu emazingeni okushisa aphezulu nasezindaweni ezibucayi. Ubuchwepheshe bokuvala ukushisa abugcini nje ngokuthuthukisa ukuthembeka kwezinhlelo zikagesi kodwa futhi buyisici esibalulekile ekuvimbeleni umlilo kanye nokuvikelwa kwabantu emikhakheni eyahlukene yezimboni.
