Inqubo yokukhiqiza ikhebula yezinhlelo zokusebenza zokuhamba
Amakhebula avame ukuba yizingxenye "ezingabonakali", kodwa adlala indima ebalulekile ekunqumeni ukuthembeka kwezinhlelo zokuhamba zanamuhla. Ezitimeleni, emabhasini enqola, emikhunjini, ngisho nasezindizeni, amakhebula adlulisa amandla, adlulise izimpawu zokulawula, axhumanise izinzwa, asekele izinhlelo zokuxhumana, futhi aqinisekise ukusebenza kahle kwamadivayisi okuphepha. Ngenxa yezimo zawo zokusebenza eziyinselele—ukudlidliza, umswakama, izinguquko zokushisa, ukuchayeka kumakhemikhali, ngisho nezingozi zomlilo—amakhebula okusetshenziswa kwezokuthutha akhiqizwa ngezindinganiso eziqinile kunezintambo ezivamile. Lesi sihloko sihlola izigaba zenqubo yokukhiqiza amakhebula okusetshenziswa kwezokuthutha, kusukela ekwakhiweni kuya ekuhlolweni kokugcina.
1. Umklamo kanye nemininingwane yobuchwepheshe
Inqubo yokukhiqiza ihlala iqala ngesigaba sokuklama ngokusekelwe ezidingweni zohlelo lokusebenza. Ithimba lobunjiniyela linquma amapharamitha abalulekile njenge-voltage yokusebenza, ugesi, uhlobo lwesignali (amandla, idatha, ukulawula), imvamisa, izinga lokuguquguquka, irediyasi encane yokugoba, kanye nezimo zemvelo zokusebenza. Isibonelo, izintambo ezinhlelweni zomnyango wesitimela ozenzakalelayo zidinga ukugoba okuphindaphindiwe kanye nokumelana nokuhuzuka, kuyilapho izintambo ezinhlelweni zokudonsa zidinga umthamo wokuthwala ugesi ophezulu kanye nokumelana nokushisa okuphezulu.
Kulesi sigaba, kusungulwa amazinga nemithethonqubo esebenzayo. Ukuphepha emlilweni kubalulekile emkhakheni wezokuthutha, ngakho-ke izidingo ezifana nomusi ophansi, ongenayo i-halogen, kanye ne-flame retardant zivame ukusetshenziswa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhambisana kwe-electromagnetic (EMC) kuyacatshangelwa ukuvimbela ukuphazamiseka kwezinhlelo zokulawula nezokuxhumana.
2. Ukukhethwa kwezinto zokusetshenziswa
Ngemva kokuba imininingwane isiqediwe, umenzi ukhetha izinto ezifanele.
1. Umqhubi: Ithusi livame ukusetshenziswa ngenxa yokuqhuba kahle nokuqina kwalo, noma i-aluminium kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ezidinga isisindo esilula. Ukuze kwandiswe ukuguquguquka, umqhubi uvame ukubhajwa ngenani elikhulu lemicu kanye nobubanzi obuncane.
2. Ukufakwa Kokushisa: Izinto zokufakwa kokushisa zikhethwa ngokusekelwe ezidingweni ze-voltage kanye nokushisa. Ama-polymer afana ne-XLPE, i-PVC ekhethekile, i-PE, noma ama-elastomer (isb., i-EPR) avame ukusetshenziswa. Ezokuthutha zanamuhla, izinto ezingenantuthu eningi, zero-halogen (LSZH) zivame ukukhethwa ngoba zinciphisa ingozi yentuthu enobuthi ngesikhathi somlilo.
3. Isigqoko/ijakethi: Ingqimba yangaphandle kumele imelane nokuklwebheka, uwoyela, uphethiloli, i-UV, kanye nesimo sezulu, kuye ngokuthi isetshenziswa kanjani. Ezitimeleni nasezintweni ezisetshenziswa ezimotweni, ijakethi elimelana nomlilo futhi elimelana nowoyela liyinto eza kuqala.
4. Isivikelo kanye nesembatho: Uma ikhebula liphethe izimpawu ezibucayi, isivikelo (i-braid yethusi, i-aluminium foil) singangezwa ukuze kuncishiswe ukuphazamiseka kwe-electromagnetic. Ngezicelo ezisindayo noma ezindaweni ezivame ukuthinteka, ikhebula lingavikelwa (isb., i-tepi yensimbi) ukuze kwandiswe amandla omshini.
3. Inqubo yokudweba ngocingo
Izinto zokuqhuba zivame ukuza ngesimo sezinduku zethusi. Lezi zinduku zibe sezicutshungulwa zibe izintambo ezincane ezinobubanzi obuncane kusetshenziswa umshini wokudweba izintambo. Le nqubo yenziwa ngezigaba ngochungechunge lwezinhlayiya ukuze kufezwe ububanzi obufunekayo ngaphandle kokulimaza isakhiwo sensimbi.
Kulesi sigaba, ukufuthwa komoya (ukushisa okulawulwayo) nakho kungenziwa ukuze kubuyiselwe ukuqina komoya wethusi ngemva kokuba usuguqukile ngesikhathi sokunwebeka. Ukuqina komoya kubalulekile ukuvimbela ikhebula ukuthi lingaphuki kalula lapho ligobile noma lidlidlizwa.
4. Inqubo ehlanganisiwe: ukwakheka kwengqikithi yomqhubi
Izintambo ezincane zibe sezisontwa (ziboshwe) zibe yi-conductor eyodwa enobukhulu obuthile obunqamula izintambo, isibonelo 1,5 mm², 2,5 mm², noma ngaphezulu kwezintambo zikagesi. Iphethini yokusonta yenzelwe ukugcina i-conductor iguquguquka, izinzile, futhi imelana nokuguquguquka. Ngezidingo eziguquguqukayo ezifana nezintambo ezihamba ngokuphindaphindiwe (isibonelo eminyango yesitimela, ama-bogies, noma izinhlelo zokuphakamisa), uhlobo lokusonta lungaba yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ukumelana nemijikelezo eminingi yokugoba.
Ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi kulesi sigaba kuhlanganisa ukulinganisa ukumelana komqhubi, ukuqina kobubanzi, kanye nokuhlola ukuhlanzeka kokujika.
5. Ukukhishwa kokushisa
Isinyathelo esilandelayo ukusetshenziswa kokufakwa kokushisa kusetshenziswa inqubo yokukhipha. Izinto ze-polymer ziyashiswa kuze kube yipulasitiki bese zicindezelwa nge-extruder ukuze kwakhiwe ungqimba lokushisa olumboza umqhubi. Ubukhulu bokushisa kumele buhambisane ngoba buthinta amandla e-dielectric, ukuphepha, kanye nobukhulu bokugcina bekhebula.
Kwezinto ezithile, njenge-XLPE, inqubo yokuxhumanisa iyadingeka ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukumelana nokushisa kwe-insulation kanye nezakhiwo zemishini. Ngemva kokuphuma ku-extruder, ikhebula liyapholiswa ngendlela elawulwayo, ngokuvamile kubhavu opholiswe ngamanzi, bese lomiswa bese kubhekwa ubukhulu balo.
6. Ukuhlelwa kanye nokugcwalisa okunezinsika eziningi (ukufaka izintambo)
Uma ikhebula linama-core amaningi (ama-core amaningi), ama-core amaningana afakwe umswakama ayahlanganiswa futhi asontwe ndawonye ngokwendlela yokwakheka. Kulesi sigaba, abakhiqizi bangangeza i-filler noma i-wrap tape ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuma kwekhebula kuyindilinga, kuzinzile, futhi kulula ukuligqoka ngejazi langaphandle. Ezintanjeni zedatha noma zokulawula, ama-core pair angasontwa ukuze kuncishiswe umsindo futhi kuthuthukiswe ikhwalithi yokudlulisa isignali.
Ngezinhlelo zokusebenza zokuhamba, ukuzinza kwejometri kanye nokulawula ukubekezelelana kubalulekile ngoba ukufakwa kuvame ukwenziwa ezindaweni ezivalekile ezinezintambo ezinde neziyinkimbinkimbi.
7. Ukufakwa kwezihlangu kanye nezivikelo (uma kudingeka)
Okulandelayo ukufakwa kwesivikelo sikagesi noma isivikelo semishini:
– I-foil yokuvikela ihlinzeka ngesivikelo esiyisisekelo ekuphazamisekeni, ngokuvamile ihlanganiswa nentambo yokudonsa amanzi ukuze kuxhunywe umhlabathi.
– Ukuluka ngethusi kunikeza isivikelo esiqinile se-EMC futhi kwandisa ukumelana nomshini.
– Izembatho zempi zisetshenziswa ezintanjeni ezingase zibhekane nemithwalo ephezulu yomzimba, ukungqubuzana, noma ingozi yokubhoboka.
Ukukhethwa kwezivikelo kanye nezivikelo kuthonywa indawo yokufakwa: izintambo ezikwigumbi lenjini noma ezindaweni zangaphandle zemoto zidinga ukuvikelwa okuphezulu kunezintambo ezikwiphaneli yokulawula yangaphakathi.
8. Ukukhishwa kwejakethi yangaphandle
Uma isakhiwo esiyinhloko sesiqediwe, ikhebula linikezwa ijakhethi yangaphandle ngokusebenzisa i-extrusion. Leli jakhethi lisebenza "njengesihlangu" esiyinhloko ngokumelene nemvelo: amanzi, uwoyela, uphethiloli, ukushisa, ilangabi, kanye nokuhuzuka. Ekusetshenzisweni kwesitimela, izintambo zivame ukudingeka ukuthi zibambe umlilo futhi zingabi nentuthu eningi; ezimotweni zikagesi, ijakhethi kumele futhi imelane namazinga okushisa aphezulu futhi ihambisane nezimo zokushaja.
Esigabeni sokukhipha ijakethi, ukuhlonza ikhebula kuvame ukunyatheliswa ebusweni, njengosayizi, uhlobo, indinganiso yokubhekisela, inombolo yebhetshi, kanye nobude bemitha.
9. Ukuhlolwa kwekhwalithi nokuphepha
Izintambo zokuthutha akumelwe zingasebenzi kahle ensimini, ngakho-ke ukuhlola kunzima kakhulu. Ngokuvamile kuhlanganisa:
– Ukuhlolwa kukagesi: ukumelana nomqhubi, ukuhlolwa kwe-voltage yokuphuka (ukumelana), ukuhlolwa kokushisa, kanye nasezintanjeni ezithile, ukuhlolwa kwezimpawu ze-impedance noma zokudlulisa.
– Ukuhlolwa kwemishini: ukuhlolwa kokudonsa, ukuhlolwa kokugoba okuphindaphindiwe, ukuhlolwa kokuhuzuka, ukuhlolwa kokuchoboza, kanye nokuhlolwa kokudlidliza (ikakhulukazi kwezinhlelo zokusebenza eziguquguqukayo).
– Ukuhlolwa kokushisa kanye nokwemvelo: ukuguga kokushisa, ukumelana nokushisa okuphansi, ukumelana namafutha/amakhemikhali, umswakama, kanye nokuhlolwa kwe-UV uma kusetshenziswa ngaphandle.
– Ukuhlolwa komlilo: ukusabalala komlilo, ukuminyana kwentuthu, kanye negesi egqwalisayo (ukuqinisekisa ukuthi intuthu iphansi futhi ayinayo i-halogen uma kudingeka).
Imiphumela yokuhlolwa ibhalwe phansi njengengxenye yokulandelela. Izinombolo zeqembu zivumela umkhiqizo oqediwe ukuthi ulandelwe emuva ezintweni zawo zokusetshenziswa kanye nemingcele yenqubo yokukhiqiza.
10. Ukuqeda, ukupakisha, kanye nokusabalalisa
Ngemva kokudlula esivivinyweni, ikhebula liyanqunywa libe nobude obujwayelekile noma izidingo zamakhasimende bese liboshelwa kuma-reels noma kuma-drum. Ukupakisha kumele kuvikele ikhebula ekuguquguqukeni, emswakama, nasemonakalweni ngesikhathi sokuthuthwa. Amalebula omkhiqizo abonisa imininingwane, ubude, usuku lokukhiqiza, kanye nolwazi lokuhlolwa.
Kumakhasimende embonini yezokuthutha, abakhiqizi banganikeza nemibhalo esekelayo njengezitifiketi zokuhlola, izimemezelo zokuhambisana nezindinganiso, kanye neziqondiso zokufaka ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukusebenza kwekhebula kugcinwa ensimini.
I-Penutup
Inqubo yokukhiqiza ikhebula yezinhlelo zokusebenza zokuthutha iyinqubo enembile ehlanganisa ukuklama, ukukhethwa kwezinto ezikhethekile, ukukhiqizwa kwezigaba eziningi, kanye nokuhlolwa okuqinile. Isigaba ngasinye—kusukela ekudwetshweni kwentambo, ukugoba, ukukhipha ukushisa, ukuhlanganiswa kwe-multi-core, ukuvikela, kanye nejakhethi yangaphandle—inikela emgomweni owodwa oyinhloko: ukukhiqiza ikhebula eliphephile, elihlala isikhathi eside, nelithembekile ngaphansi kwezimo zokusebenza ezidinga kakhulu. Ngokwanda kokufakwa kukagesi kanye nokwenza izinto ngokuzenzakalela emkhakheni wezokuthutha, izidingo zekhebula ezisebenza kahle zizoqhubeka nokukhula, okwenza ikhwalithi yokukhiqiza kanye nokulawula okujwayelekile kubaluleke kakhulu.
