Amakhebula Angamelani Nomlilo Ezicelo Zokwakha
Ezweni lesimanje lokwakha, ukuphepha kwesakhiwo akunqunywa nje kuphela ngamandla esakhiwo, kodwa futhi nangokuthembeka kwezinhlelo ezisekelayo njengokufakwa kukagesi. Ingxenye eyodwa evame ukunganakwa, kodwa edlala indima ebalulekile ezimweni eziphuthumayo, izintambo zikagesi. Imililo ezakhiweni ingenzeka ngenxa yezici eziningi—kusukela kumasekethe amafushane, ukulayisha ngokweqile, kuya emaphutheni okufakwa—futhi izintambo zivame ukuba yindlela esheshisa ukusabalala komlilo noma ziyingxenye yesistimu okumele ihlale isebenza ngesikhathi senhlekelele. Yilapho izintambo ezingamelani nomlilo/ezingavumeli umlilo ziba yisisombululo esibalulekile sezinhlelo zokwakha.
Iyini ikhebula elinokuvikela okungashi?
Ngokuvamile, ikhebula elingashisi umlilo uhlobo lwekhebula elenzelwe ukuvimbela ukusabalala komlilo nokugcina ukusebenza kukagesi ngaphansi kwezimo zomlilo isikhathi esithile. Empeleni, igama elithi "elingashisi umlilo" lingabhekisela ezicini ezimbili eziyinhloko:
1. Ivimbela ilangabi: Intambo ayisabalalisi umlilo kalula endleleni yentambo. Igxile ekunciphiseni ukusabalala komlilo ngenethiwekhi yentambo.
2. Imelana nomlilo (ukumelana nomlilo okusebenzayo): ikhebula liyakwazi ukuqhubeka nokuhambisa ugesi emazingeni okushisa aphezulu kanye nokuchayeka emlilweni isikhathi esithile, ukuze amadivayisi abalulekile (ama-alamu, amaphampu e-hydrant, izinhlelo zokuphuma) aqhubeke nokusebenza.
Kumaphrojekthi amaningi, womabili asetshenziswa ndawonye, kuye ngezidingo zesistimu kanye nemithethonqubo esebenzayo.
Kungani kubalulekile ezicelweni zokwakha?
Ezakhiweni ezinezitezi eziningi, ezitolo ezinkulu, ezibhedlela, emafektri, kanye namaphrojekthi engqalasizinda njengemigudu neziteshi, izintambo azigcini nje ngokuba yiziqhubi zamandla kagesi kodwa futhi ziyizinzwa zezinhlelo zokuphepha. Uma kwenzeka umlilo, izinhlelo ezifana nama-alamu omlilo, ukulawula intuthu, ukukhanyisa okuphuthumayo, amaphampu omlilo, ama-lifti okuphuma kwabantu, kanye nezinhlelo zokuxhumana kumele zihlale zisebenza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abahlali bangaphuma ngokuphephile futhi abasebenzi bangasebenza kahle.
Ngaphandle kwezintambo ezifanele, imililo ingabangela:
- ukwehluleka kokunikezwa kwamandla kumadivayisi okuphepha,
– eminye imijikelezo emifushane eyenza isimo sibe sibi kakhulu,
– umusi onobuthi ovela ezintweni zokuvikela ezivuthayo,
– kanye nokusabalala okusheshayo komlilo ngamathreyi ekhebula noma imiphini.
Ngakho-ke, ukukhetha izintambo ezingashi kuyingxenye yamasu “okuvikela umlilo okungenamsebenzi” kanye “nokuvikela umlilo osebenzayo” ekwakhiweni kwesakhiwo.
Isakhiwo esiyinhloko nezinto zokwakha
Izintambo ezingashisi ngokuvamile zinenhlanganisela yezingqimba eziningana zokuvikela, okuhlanganisa:
1. Umqhubi (ithusi/i-aluminium)
Ithusi ngokuvamile lithandwa kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni okubalulekile ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwalo okuphezulu kanye nokuqina emazingeni okushisa aphezulu.
2. Ukushisa okumelana nokushisa
Izintambo eziningi ezingashisi zisebenzisa i-XLPE (cross-linked polyethylene) insulation noma izinto ezikhethekile njenge-mica tape njengesivikelo sokushisa. I-Mica tape ithandwa kakhulu ezintanjeni ezingashisi ngoba igcina ubuqotho bukagesi lapho ibhekene nomlilo.
3. Umbhede kanye nesigqoko sangaphakathi
Imisebenzi yokuvikela isakhiwo sekhebula ngaphakathi, igcina ukuma nokumelana nomshini.
4. Izikhali (ongakukhetha)
Ezindaweni ezivame ukushayisana noma ukufakwa ngaphansi komhlaba, izintambo zingasebenzisa izivikelo (isb., iteyipu yensimbi noma ucingo lwensimbi) ukuze zivikeleke ngomshini.
5. Isivikelo sangaphandle (isivikelo sangaphandle)
Lokhu yilokho okuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi “ukuvikela okumelana nomlilo”, ngokuvamile kusetshenziswa izinto ze-LSZH (Low Smoke Zero Halogen) noma i-PVC ekhethekile evimbela ilangabi, i-nhằm yehlisa intuthu namagesi agqwalisayo uma kwenzeka umlilo.
I-LSZH: inciphisa izingozi zentuthu negesi
Esinye isici esibalulekile somlilo akusiwo amalangabi kuphela, kodwa nentuthu. Izisulu eziningi zomlilo zibhekana nezinkinga zokuphefumula ngenxa yentuthu ejiyile kanye namagesi anobuthi. Ngakho-ke, ezakhiweni zomphakathi nasezindaweni ezivalekile, izintambo ezine-LSZH sheathing ziya ngokuya ziba yindinganiso.
Izinzuzo ze-LSZH:
- kukhiqiza intuthu encane,
– ayikhiqizi amagesi e-halogen agqwalisayo (njenge-HCl) angalimaza imishini kagesi,
- kusiza ukubonakala ngesikhathi sokuphuma,
– ukunciphisa ingozi yokungenwa ubuthi.
Kodwa-ke, i-LSZH akusho ukuthi "imelana nomlilo" ngokusebenza—ihlobene kakhulu nezici zokukhishwa kwentuthu negesi. Ukugcina ukusebenza kukagesi kudinga umklamo ofanele omelana nomlilo.
Izicelo eziyinhloko kumaphrojekthi okwakha
Izintambo ezinezivikelo ezingashisi ngokuvamile zisetshenziswa ku:
1. I-alamu yomlilo kanye nohlelo lokuthola intuthu
Lolu hlelo kumele luhlale luvuliwe ukuze lunikeze izixwayiso futhi luqondise ukuphuma kwabantu.
2. Izindlela zokukhanyisa eziphuthumayo kanye nezindlela zokuphuma kwabantu
Izibani eziphuthumayo, izimpawu zokuphuma, kanye nezinhlelo zokukhanyisa emzileni zidinga ukuhlinzekwa okuzinzile ukuze kuvinjelwe abahlali ukuthi bangethuki.
3. Amaphampu okuhambisa amanzi, ama-sprinkler kanye namaphampu omlilo
Uma kwenzeka umlilo omkhulu, iphampu kumele ihlale isebenza. Ukwehluleka kwekhebula kungenza uhlelo lokucisha oluzenzakalelayo lungasebenzi.
4. Ukucindezela kwezitebhisi kanye nohlelo lokulawula intuthu
Amafeni, ama-damper, kanye nezilawuli zomusi kuncike ekuhlinzekweni kukagesi okuthembekile kanye nesiginali.
5. Izakhiwo ezinabantu abaningi
Izitolo ezinkulu, amahhotela, amafulethi, izibhedlela, izikhungo zedatha, kanye nezindawo zokuhamba ngokuvamile zidinga amazinga aphezulu okuphepha.
Izindinganiso zokusebenza kanye nokuhlolwa
Izintambo ezingashisi zivame ukuhlolwa ngokwezindinganiso ezithile ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwazo lapho zivezwa emlilweni. Imingcele evamile yokuhlola ifaka:
- ukusabalala kwamalangabi,
– ukuqina kokusebenza (ubuqotho besekethe) isikhathi esithile,
– ukukhiqizwa kwentuthu (ukuminyana kwentuthu),
– ukukhishwa kwegesi ebolile (igesi ye-halogen acid),
– ubuthi bokubhema (ezinhlelweni ezithile).
Ensimini, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izintambo ezikhethiwe ziyahlangabezana nezindinganiso ezidingekayo ngokwezincazelo zephrojekthi kanye nemithetho yendawo kubalulekile. Abeluleki be-MEP kanye nezinkontileka zikagesi bavame ukubhekisela ezindinganisweni ezifanele zikazwelonke/zamazwe ngamazwe, okuhlanganisa nezindinganiso zokuhlola izintambo zokufakwa kokuphepha komlilo.
Izinto okufanele uzicabangele ngokuklama nokufaka
Ukukhetha ikhebula elifanele akwanele; ukufakwa okungekuhle kungonakalisa ukusebenza kwezintambo ezingashi. Ezinye izinto okufanele uzicabangele:
1. Ukunquma umzila wekhebula
Imizila yekhebula yezinhlelo ezibalulekile kufanele ihlukaniswe nemizila engeyona ebalulekile, futhi kufanele idluliselwe ezindaweni ezinengozi encane yomlilo.
2. Amathreyi ekhebula angashisi kanye nemigudu
Izintambo ezingashi zingaba yize uma ithileyi, ileli, noma ipayipi liwa ngesikhathi somlilo. Izinhlelo zokusekela kumele zicabangele ukumelana nokushisa kanye nesikhala phakathi kwezisekelo.
3. Ukungena odongeni kanye nokuvimba umlilo
Izindawo zokungena (ezidlula odongeni/phansi) kumele zibe nohlelo lokuvimba umlilo ukuze umlilo ungasabalali phakathi kwezingxenye.
4. Ukwehla kwamandla kanye nomthamo wamanje
Izendlalelo ezengeziwe kanye nezimo zokufaka (ezinqwabeni, emakamelweni ashisayo) zithinta amandla okuphatha ugesi. Kudingeka ukubala okuncishisiwe ukuze kuvinjelwe ikhebula ekushiseni ngokweqile.
5. Ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi kanye nemibhalo
Qinisekisa ukuthi kunezitifiketi zokuhlola, amalebula omkhiqizo, kanye nokuhlolwa kokufakwa (ukuhlolwa kokuqhubeka, ukumelana nokushisa, kanye nokuqinisekiswa kwendlela).
Inselele yezindleko kanye nezinzuzo
Izintambo ezingashisi ngokuvamile zibiza kakhulu kunezintambo ezijwayelekile. Kodwa-ke, esimweni sokwakha, izindleko zivame ukufana nalezi:
- ukunciphisa ingozi yokulahlekelwa yimpilo,
– ukuvikelwa kwempahla kanye nemishini,
- isikhathi sokungasebenzi esincishisiwe,
- kanye nokuhambisana nezimfuneko zomshuwalense kanye nemithethonqubo.
Ezakhiweni zezentengiselwano, ukwehluleka kohlelo ngesikhathi somlilo kungabangela ukulahlekelwa okukhulu kakhulu kunomehluko wezindleko zekhebula.
Isiphetho
Izintambo ezivimbela umlilo ziyisici esibalulekile sezinhlelo zikagesi zesimanje, ikakhulukazi ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwabahlali kanye nokuthembeka kwezinhlelo ezibalulekile uma kwenzeka umlilo. Ngokuqonda umehluko phakathi kwezintambo ezivimbela umlilo, ezingamelani nomlilo, kanye ne-LSZH, amaqembu ephrojekthi angakhetha ikhebula elifanele kuzo zonke izinhlelo zokusebenza—kusukela kuma-alamu omlilo kuya kumaphampu omlilo. Ngaphandle kokukhetha umkhiqizo, izici zokufaka ezifana nokuhambisa ikhebula, ukwesekwa, ukumisa umlilo, kanye nokulawula ikhwalithi nakho kunquma ukuthi ikhebula liyakwazi ngempela yini ukwenza umsebenzi walo ohlosiwe esimweni esiphuthumayo.
Ekugcineni, ikhebula elingashisi umlilo aliyona nje into eyengeziwe ohlwini lokuthenga lwephrojekthi, kodwa liwutshalomali oluphephile olunganquma ukuthi izinhlelo zesakhiwo zihlala zisebenza ngaphansi kwezimo ezimbi kakhulu. Uma ukuphepha kuyinto eza kuqala ekwakheni, ukukhetha ikhebula elinokuvikelwa okungashisi umlilo kuyisinyathelo esingenakuxoxiswana ngaso.
Uma ungathanda, ngingavumelanisa lesi sihloko nesimo esithile—isibonelo, isakhiwo esinde, isibhedlela, isikhungo sedatha, noma iphrojekthi yengqalasizinda—futhi ngengeze imininingwane yesampula kanye nezincomo zokukhetha ikhebula ngokusekelwe ezidingweni zomthwalo kanye nohlobo lwesistimu.
