Ukusetshenziswa Kwamasu Ayisithupha E-Sigma Ekulawuleni Ikhwalithi
Ezweni elincintisanayo lemboni nezinsizakalo, ikhwalithi ayisekho nje inani elengeziwe, kodwa kunalokho iyimfuneko eyinhloko yokusinda nokukhula. Izinkampani kudingeka zikhiqize imikhiqizo noma izinsizakalo ezihambisanayo ezineziphambeko ezincane futhi ezihlangabezana nezidingo zamakhasimende. Enye yezindlela ezithandwa kakhulu neziqinisekisiwe ezisebenzayo zokulawula ikhwalithi kanye nokuthuthukisa yi-Six Sigma. Le ndlela ayigxili nje ekuhloleni umkhiqizo wokugcina kodwa futhi igcizelela ukuthuthukiswa kwenqubo okuhlelekile, okuqhutshwa idatha ukuze kuncishiswe ukuhlukahluka nokuqeda izimbangela zezinkinga. Lesi sihloko sixoxa ngomqondo we-Six Sigma, izinhloso zayo, izigaba zokuqaliswa, kanye nezinzuzo nezinselele zokuyisebenzisa ukuze kulawulwe ikhwalithi.
Imiqondo Eyisisekelo Ye-Six Sigma
I-Six Sigma iyindlela yokuthuthukisa inqubo ehlose ukunciphisa izinga lokukhubazeka libe sezingeni eliphansi kakhulu. Ngokwezibalo, izinga elithi "six sigma" libhekisela enkambisweni ekhiqiza cishe amaphutha angu-3,4 ngamathuba ayisigidi (i-DPMO). Nakuba lesi sibalo sivame ukusetshenziswa njengesilinganiso esifanele, umongo we-Six Sigma usezimisweni zayo eziyinhloko: ukunciphisa ukushintshashintsha kwenqubo nokuqinisekisa ukuthi izinqubo zisebenza kahle futhi zihlangabezana nezidingo zamakhasimende.
I-Six Sigma yaqala ukuqashelwa kabanzi ngokuqaliswa kwayo kwa-Motorola ngasekupheleni kwawo-1980, yabe isikhula ngokushesha ngemva kokwamukelwa kwayo yi-General Electric (GE). Namuhla, i-Six Sigma isetshenziswa emikhakheni ehlukahlukene: ukukhiqiza, ukunakekelwa kwezempilo, amabhange, ezokuthutha, imfundo, ngisho nezinsizakalo zomphakathi. Amandla ayo uhlaka lwayo olucacile, ukusetshenziswa kwamathuluzi ezibalo, kanye nesiko lokwenza izinqumo ezisekelwe emaqinisweni.
Kungani i-Six Sigma Isebenza Kahle Ekulawuleni Ikhwalithi?
Ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi yendabuko kuvame ukugxila ekuhlolweni, ekuthathweni kwamasampula, noma ekuhlolweni kwemikhiqizo ngemva kokuqedwa kokukhiqizwa. Le ndlela ibalulekile, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi ayisebenzi uma imbangela yenkinga ivela enkambisweni engazinzile. I-Six Sigma yenza ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi kube lula kakhulu: akugxili nje ekutholeni amaphutha kodwa futhi nasekuvimbeleni ukuthi angenzeki ngokuthuthukisa izinqubo ezibangela wona.
Ku-Six Sigma, ikhwalithi ibhekwa ngombono ogxile kumakhasimende. Ikhwalithi akuyona nje "umkhiqizo omuhle" ngokwezindinganiso zangaphakathi, kodwa kunalokho "umkhiqizo ohlangabezana nokulindelwe ngamakhasimende futhi ohlala njalo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi." Ngakho-ke, i-Six Sigma isiza izinkampani ukuthi zihlele lokho okubizwa ngokuthi ama-CTQ (Critical to Quality), izici ezinquma kakhulu ukwaneliseka kwamakhasimende.
Uhlaka lwe-DMAIC ekusetshenzisweni kwe-Six Sigma
Ukusetshenziswa okuvame kakhulu kwe-Six Sigma ukuthuthukisa izinqubo ezikhona uhlaka lwe-DMAIC: Chaza, Kala, Hlaziya, Thuthukisa, kanye Nokulawula. Lezi zigaba ezinhlanu zakha umjikelezo wokuthuthukisa ohlelekile.
1. Chaza (Nquma Izinkinga Nezinhloso)
Isigaba se-Define sigxile ekuboneni izinkinga zekhwalithi ezithinta kakhulu, ukusungula ububanzi bephrojekthi, kanye nokuchaza izidingo zamakhasimende. Amaqembu ayisithupha e-Sigma avame ukuthuthukisa izitatimende zezinkinga, izinhloso zokuthuthukisa, kanye nezinkomba zokusebenza ezibalulekile (ama-KPI). Lesi sigaba sinquma nokuthi yiziphi izinqubo ezizoba ukugxila futhi simise imingcele ecacile yokuvimbela iphrojekthi ukuthi ikhule.
Isibonelo, inkampani ithola ukuthi izinga lokukhubazeka emgqeni othile wokukhiqiza liyakhuphuka, okuholela ezikhalweni zamakhasimende kanye nezindleko zokulungisa kabusha. Umgomo kungaba ukunciphisa izinga lokukhubazeka kusuka ku-5% kuya ku-1% zingakapheli izinyanga ezintathu.
2. Kala (Ukulinganisa Ukusebenza Kwenqubo Yamanje)
Esigabeni Sokulinganisa, ithimba liqoqa idatha ukuze liqonde ukusebenza kwenqubo yamanje. Le datha ingafaka inani lamaphutha, isikhathi somjikelezo, izinga lokubuyiselwa komkhiqizo, noma amapharamitha enqubo afana nokushisa, ingcindezi, kanye nomswakama. Ukulinganisa kumele kube okusebenzayo nokungaguquguquki, ngakho-ke ukuhlolwa kwesistimu yokulinganisa okuvamile (Ukuhlaziywa Kwesistimu Yokulinganisa/MSA) kwenziwa ukuqinisekisa ukunemba kwezinsimbi zokulinganisa nezindlela zokurekhoda idatha.
Umphumela walesi sigaba uwukuqala kokusebenza kwenqubo, isibonelo inani le-DPMO, izinga langempela le-sigma, noma izilinganiso zamandla enqubo njenge-Cp ne-Cpk.
3. Hlaziya (Hlaziya Izimbangela Eziyinhloko)
Isigaba Sokuhlaziya sihlose ukuhlonza imbangela eyinhloko yephutha noma ukuhlukahluka. Amathuluzi asetshenziswa kakhulu afaka:
- Umdwebo we-Pareto ukuthola uhlobo oluvame kakhulu lwesici,
– Umdwebo we-Fishbone (Ishikawa) ukuze udwebe izici ezibangela kusukela ezinhlangothini zomuntu, umshini, indlela, izinto ezibonakalayo, ezemvelo kanye nokulinganisa,
– Izizathu ezi-5 zokumba izimbangela eziyinhloko,
- Ukuhlaziywa kwezibalo okufana nokuhlobana, ukuhlehla, ukuhlolwa kwe-hypothesis, noma i-ANOVA ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi yiziphi izici ezinethonya ngempela.
Lesi sinyathelo sibalulekile ngoba ukulungiswa okwenziwa ngaphandle kokuqonda imbangela kuvame ukuholela ezixazululweni zesikhashana, hhayi ezixazululweni ezihlala njalo.
4. Thuthukisa (Sebenzisa Izixazululo Zokuthuthukisa)
Uma imbangela eyinhloko isitholakele, isigaba Sokuthuthukisa sigxile ekuklameni nasekusebenziseni izixazululo. Izixazululo zingafaka phakathi ukushintsha izilungiselelo zomshini, ukubuyekeza izinqubo zokusebenza ezijwayelekile (ama-SOP), ukuqeqesha opharetha, ukuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yezinto zokusetshenziswa, noma ukuklama kabusha amathuluzi omsebenzi. Ithimba lingasebenzisa indlela ye-Design of Experiments (DOE) ukuhlola inhlanganisela engcono kakhulu yezici zenqubo.
Kulesi sigaba, izinkampani zingaqhuba futhi izivivinyo ezilinganiselwe (izivivinywa) ukuze kuncishiswe izingozi zokusebenzisa. Uma ukuthuthukiswa sekuqalisiwe, imiphumela iqhathaniswa nesisekelo ukuze kubonwe ukuthi amazinga okukhubazeka anciphile, ukushintshashintsha kwehle, futhi imigomo ihlangatsheziwe.
5. Ukulawula (Ukugcina Intuthuko Eqhubekayo)
Isigaba Sokulawula siqinisekisa ukuthi ukuthuthuka okufeziwe akubuyeli esimweni sokuqala. Lokhu kufezwa ngokusungula amazinga amasha, ukuqinisa amadokhumenti, kanye nokusungula uhlelo lokuqapha. Elinye lamathuluzi abalulekile kulesi sigaba yiStatistical Process Control (SPC), njengamashadi okulawula ukuqapha ukuzinza kwenqubo.
Ukulawula kuhlanganisa nohlelo lokuphendula ngokuphambuka, ukuhlolwa okuvamile, kanye nokwahlukaniswa okucacile kwemithwalo yemfanelo. Ngamanye amazwi, ukulawula ikhwalithi kuba yingxenye yemisebenzi yansuku zonke, hhayi nje iphrojekthi yesikhashana.
Indima Yesakhiwo Senhlangano ku-Six Sigma
I-Six Sigma ivame ukusebenzisa isakhiwo sendima esihlukile, okungukuthi:
– Iqhawe: umxhasi wabaphathi osekela iphrojekthi futhi asuse izithiyo,
– I-Master Black Belt: isazi sezindlela zokufundisa esiqeqesha futhi siqondise amaphrojekthi,
– I-Black Belt: umholi wephrojekthi yokuthuthukisa ochwepheshe ekuhlaziyweni kwezibalo kanye nokuphathwa kwezinguquko,
– I-Green Belt: ilungu leqembu elenza amaphrojekthi okuthuthukisa eyunithi yalo,
– Ibhande Eliphuzi/Ibhande Elimhlophe: ukuqonda okuyisisekelo kanye nokubandakanyeka emisebenzini yokuthuthukisa.
Lolu hlaka lusiza izinkampani ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuqaliswa kwalo kuyahambisana futhi kuyasimeme, hhayi nje isinyathelo esiqalwa kanye kuphela.
Izinzuzo Zokusebenzisa i-Six Sigma Ekulawuleni Ikhwalithi
Ukusebenzisa i-Six Sigma kunganikeza izinzuzo zangempela, okuhlanganisa:
1. Ukunciphisa amaphutha nokulungisa kabusha ukuze izindleko zokukhiqiza zehle.
2. Ukwaneliseka kwamakhasimende okwandisiwe ngenxa yekhwalithi eqhubekayo.
3. Inqubo izinzile futhi ilawulwa ngokunciphisa ukuhlukahluka.
4. Izinqumo ezisekelwe kudatha ukuze izinyathelo zokulungisa ziqondiswe kakhulu.
5. Ukwanda kokukhiqiza ngenxa yokuncipha kokulahlwa kwemfucuza.
6. Isiko lokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo elikhuthaza ukubambisana okusebenzayo.
Ezimweni eziningi, impumelelo ye-Six Sigma iholela nasekuthuthukiseni idumela lenkampani kanye nokuncintisana emakethe.
Izinselele kanye nezinto okufanele uzilindele
Naphezu kwezinzuzo zayo, i-Six Sigma akulula ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuyisebenzisa. Izinselele ezivamile zifaka:
– Ukuntuleka kokuzibophezela kwabaphathi ukuze iphrojekthi ingatholi ukwesekwa kwezinsizakusebenza,
– Idatha ayinembile noma ayitholakali, okwenza ukuhlaziywa kube buthaka,
– Ukumelana kwabasebenzi ngoba ushintsho lubhekwa njengokwengeza umthwalo,
– Ukukhetha iphrojekthi okungafanele, isibonelo okubanzi kakhulu noma okunomthelela omncane,
– Ukugxila kakhulu ezibalweni ngaphandle kokunaka izici zamasiko zenhlangano.
Ukuze kunqotshwe lezi zinselele, izinkampani zidinga ukuqinisekisa ukuxhumana okuhle, ukuqeqeshwa okwanele, ukukhethwa kwamaphrojekthi okuhambisana nezinhloso zebhizinisi, kanye nohlelo lomvuzo olukhuthaza ukuzibandakanya kwabasebenzi.
I-Penutup
I-Six Sigma iyindlela enamandla nehlelekile yokulawula ikhwalithi ngoba igcizelela ukuthuthukiswa kwenqubo eqhutshwa idatha, ukunciphisa ukushintshashintsha, kanye nokuvimbela amaphutha emthonjeni. Ngenqubo ye-DMAIC—Chaza, Kala, Hlaziya, Thuthukisa, Futhi Ulawule—izinkampani zingabona izinkinga zekhwalithi ngokuqondile, zithole izimbangela zazo eziyinhloko, zisebenzise izixazululo ezisebenzayo, futhi ziqhubeke nokuthuthukiswa. Ngenkathi ukusetshenziswa kwayo kudinga ukuzibophezela, ukuzithiba, kanye namakhono okuhlaziya, izinzuzo zingaba zinkulu: izindleko ezincishisiwe, ikhwalithi ethuthukisiwe, ukwaneliseka okukhulu kwamakhasimende, kanye nezinqubo ezizinzile. Ngokusetshenziswa okuqhubekayo, i-Six Sigma ingaba yisisekelo esibalulekile sokwakha isiko lekhwalithi ephezulu ngaphakathi kwenhlangano.
