Ukuhlaziywa Kwezinhlelo Zokukhiqiza kanye Nomklamo Wokukhiqiza
I-Pendahuluan
Embonini yokukhiqiza, ukuqonda okujulile kwezinhlelo zokukhiqiza kanye nomklamo wokukhiqiza kuyisihluthulelo sokufeza ukusebenza kahle kanye nokusebenza kahle. Izinhlelo zokukhiqiza zihlanganisa zonke izinqubo ezidingekayo ukukhiqiza umkhiqizo, kusukela ekucutshungulweni kwezinto zokusetshenziswa kuya emkhiqizweni wokugcina. Okwamanje, umklamo wokukhiqiza ugxile ekuklameni imikhiqizo evumela isikhathi sokuhola esisezingeni eliphezulu, esingabizi kakhulu, kanye nesikhathi esincane. Lesi sihloko sizohlola izici ezahlukahlukene zokuhlaziywa kwezinhlelo zokukhiqiza kanye nomklamo wokukhiqiza nokuthi kungani kokubili kubalulekile ekufinyeleleni inzuzo yokuncintisana emkhakheni wezimboni.
Ukuhlaziywa Kwesistimu Yokukhiqiza
1. Incazelo kanye Nezingxenye Zezinhlelo Zokukhiqiza
Uhlelo lokukhiqiza luyinhlanganisela yezinsizakusebenza zabantu, imishini, amathuluzi, izinto zokwakha, kanye nezindlela ezisetshenziswa ukukhiqiza izimpahla noma izinsizakalo. Izingxenye eziyinhloko zohlelo lokukhiqiza zifaka phakathi okokufaka, izinqubo zokuguqula, okukhiphayo, kanye nokuphendula. Okufakwayo kuhlanganisa zonke izinsizakusebenza ezisetshenziswayo, njengabasebenzi, izinto zokusetshenziswa, ubuchwepheshe, kanye nolwazi. Izinqubo zokuguqula yizinyathelo eziguqula okufakwayo kube yimiphumela, okungukuthi imikhiqizo eqediwe noma eqediwe kancane. Okukhishwayo kuyimiphumela yokugcina yohlelo lokukhiqiza, kanti impendulo ulwazi olusetshenziswa ukulawula nokuthuthukisa uhlelo lokukhiqiza.
2. Izinhlobo Zezinhlelo Zokukhiqiza
Izinhlelo zokukhiqiza zingahlukaniswa ngezinhlobo eziningana ngokusekelwe esikalini sazo, amaphethini, kanye nokuguquguquka kokusebenza, okuhlanganisa ukukhiqizwa ngobuningi, ukukhiqizwa ngamaqoqo, kanye nokukhiqizwa kwesitolo semisebenzi. Ukukhiqizwa ngobuningi kuhilela ukukhiqiza izimpahla eziningi ngezindinganiso zomkhiqizo ezifanayo. Ukukhiqizwa ngamaqoqo kukhiqiza izimpahla ngamaqembu noma ngamaqoqo, okuvumela izinguquko ezisheshayo enkambisweni yokukhiqiza yemikhiqizo ehlukahlukene. Ukukhiqizwa kwesitolo semisebenzi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kusetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa okudinga imikhiqizo eyenziwe ngokwezifiso enomthamo ophansi kanye nohlobo lomkhiqizo oluphezulu.
3. Ubuchwepheshe kanye Nokuzenzakalela
Ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe kanye nezinhlelo zokuzenzakalela ekukhiqizeni kuthinta kakhulu ukusebenza kahle kanye nekhwalithi yomkhiqizo. Ukuzenzakalela kokukhiqiza kunganciphisa ukuthembela emsebenzini wabantu, kunciphise amaphutha, kwandise isivinini sokukhiqiza, futhi kwenze ngcono ukusetshenziswa kwezinto. Ubuchwepheshe obufana nokuHlela Izinsiza Zokukhiqiza (i-MRP), i-Computer-Aided Design (i-CAD), kanye nezinhlelo zokuHlela Izinsiza Zokukhiqiza (i-CAM) kwenze imboni yakwazi ukufeza amazinga aphezulu okusebenza kahle kanye nokuvumelana emikhiqizweni yokugcina.
4. Ukukhiqiza Okungadingi Ugesi kanye Nesikhathi Esifanele (JIT)
I-Lean Manufacturing kanye ne-Just-In-Time (JIT) amasu ahlobene kakhulu okwandisa ukusebenza kahle ezinhlelweni zokukhiqiza. I-Lean Manufacturing igxile ekunciphiseni imfucuza ngezindlela ezifana ne-5S (Sort, Set in order, Shine, Standardize, Sustain) kanye ne-Value Stream Mapping. I-JIT iyindlela lapho izinto zokusetshenziswa kanye nezingxenye ezidingekayo ekukhiqizeni zinikezwa kuphela uma kudingeka, kunciphisa izidingo zokugcina kanye nokonga izindleko zempahla.
Umklamo Wokukhiqiza
1. Ukubaluleka Komklamo Wokukhiqiza
Umklamo wokukhiqiza uyisigaba sokuqala emjikelezweni wokukhiqiza futhi unomthelela omkhulu kuyo yonke inqubo yokukhiqiza. Umklamo omuhle unganciphisa izindleko zokukhiqiza, uthuthukise ukusetshenziswa kwezinto, unciphise isikhathi sokukhiqiza, futhi uthuthukise ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo. Umklamo wokukhiqiza uhilela ukuklama izingxenye zomkhiqizo okulula ukuzikhiqiza, ukuzihlanganisa, ukuzinakekela, nokuzisebenzisa kabusha.
2. Umklamo Wokukhiqiza Nokuhlanganisa (i-DFM/DFA)
I-Design for Manufacturing (DFM) kanye ne-Design for Assembly (DFA) yizindlela ezigxile ekwenzeni lula imikhiqizo, ukukhiqizwa kwayo, kanye nezinqubo zokuhlanganisa. I-DFM ihlaziya ukwakheka komkhiqizo kusukela embonweni wokukhiqiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umkhiqizo ungakhiqizwa ngezindleko eziphansi kakhulu futhi ngekhwalithi ephezulu. I-DFA ihlose ukuklama imikhiqizo okulula futhi okusheshayo ukuyihlanganisa ngokunciphisa inani lezingxenye nokucabangela inqubo yokuhlanganisa kusukela ekuqaleni.
3. Ukulingisa Nokwenza Amamodeli Emklamo
Ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe bokulingisa kanye nokwakha amamodeli kubalulekile ekwakhiweni kwesimanje kokukhiqiza. Ukulingisa kuvumela abaklami ukuthi bahlole futhi bahlaziye izici ezahlukahlukene zomklamo ngaphambi kokuba ungene ekukhiqizweni okungokoqobo. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ukuhlaziywa kwamandla, ukugeleza kwezinto, kanye nokusebenzisana kwezingxenye. Ukumodela kwe-3D kusetshenziswa isofthiwe ye-CAD kuvumela ukubonakala okungokoqobo nokuningiliziwe komkhiqizo wokugcina, okwenza kube lula ukubona izinkinga ezingaba khona.
4. Umklamo Ozinzile
Umklamo ozinzile uya ngokuya ubaluleke kakhulu embonini yokukhiqiza, ikakhulukazi phakathi kokuqwashisa ngemvelo emhlabeni jikelele okukhula. Umklamo ozinzile uhilela ukuklama imikhiqizo esebenzisa izinto ezinobungani nemvelo, ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla, ukunciphisa imfucuza, kanye nokuklama imikhiqizo engasetshenziswa kabusha. Lokhu akusizi nje kuphela ukunciphisa umthelela wemvelo kodwa futhi kunganikeza izinzuzo zezomnotho zesikhathi eside.
Ukuhlanganiswa Kwezinhlelo Zokukhiqiza kanye Nokuklama Kokukhiqiza
1. Ukuxhumana Okuphumelelayo
Esinye sezihluthulelo zokuhlanganiswa okuphumelelayo phakathi kwezinhlelo zokukhiqiza kanye nomklamo wokukhiqiza ukuxhumana okuphumelelayo phakathi kwamaqembu okuklama kanye nokukhiqiza. Le ndlela iqinisekisa ukuthi umklamo ophumayo ungakhiqizwa kahle nokuthi izinkinga ziyahlonzwa futhi zixazululwe ngesikhathi.
2. Ukubambisana Kweminyango Ehlukahlukene
Ukubambisana phakathi kweminyango efana nokuklama, ukukhiqizwa, ikhwalithi, kanye nokuthenga kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izici zokuklama nokukhiqiza ziyacatshangelwa. Le ndlela ivumela izinguquko zokuklama ukuthi ziqaliswe ngokushesha, futhi izinqubo zokukhiqiza zihlale zithuthukiswa.
3. Ukuqaliswa Kobuchwepheshe Obuhlanganisiwe
Ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obuhlanganisiwe njenge-Manufacturing Information Systems (MIS), i-Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), kanye ne-Integrated Quality Systems (IQS) kunganikeza ukubonakala okukhulu kuyo yonke inqubo yokukhiqiza kanye nokuklama. Lobu buchwepheshe buvumela iminyango ehlukahlukene ukwabelana ngolwazi nokwenza izinqumo ezisekelwe kudatha ngempumelelo enkulu.
Isiphetho
Ukuhlaziywa kohlelo lokukhiqiza kanye nomklamo wokukhiqiza kuyizinto ezibalulekile embonini yokukhiqiza yanamuhla. Ngokuqonda nokwenza ngcono lezi zici ezimbili, izinkampani zingafinyelela amazinga aphezulu okusebenza kahle, zinciphise izindleko zokukhiqiza, futhi zithuthukise ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo. Ngobuchwepheshe besimanje kanye nezindlela ezintsha ezifana ne-Lean Manufacturing kanye ne-Just-in-Time (JIT), kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwamaqembu okuklama nawokukhiqiza, izinkampani zingasabela ngokushesha ezinguqukweni zemakethe kanye nezidingo zamakhasimende. Umklamo ozinzile nawo wengeza inani ngokunciphisa imiphumela emibi yemvelo, ekugcineni kuthuthukise isithombe senkampani kanye nokuncintisana. Ngokuhlaziya ngokucophelela kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemikhuba emihle, imboni yokukhiqiza ingaqhubeka nokuchuma futhi ithole inzuzo yokuncintisana kulesi sikhathi somhlaba wonke.
