Umthetho kaCoulomb

Esihlokweni mayelana ishaja kagesi dan izinhlobo zokushaja kagesi Kuchazwa ukuthi njengamashaja kagesi ayaxoshana kuyilapho ngokungafani namashaja kagesi edonselana. Ngamanye amazwi, izinto ezishaja kahle zidonsela izinto ezishaja kabi, izinto ezishaja kahle ziyaxosha izinto ezishaja kahle, kanti izinto ezishaja kabi ziyaxosha izinto ezishaja kabi. Lesi simo sibonisa ukuba khona kwamandla kagesi asebenza ezintweni ezishaja kahle kanye nezinto ezishaja kabi. Yiziphi izici ezithonya ubukhulu bamandla kagesi phakathi kwezinto ezishaja kahle?

Isazi sesayensi yezinkanyezi saseFrance uCharles Coulomb (1736–1806) wenza uchungechunge lwezivivinyo ngawo-1780 ukuze ahlole izici ezithonya ubukhulu bamandla kagesi phakathi kwezinto ezishajwe ngogesi. Ithuluzi elisetshenziswa uCoulomb lalifana nalelo uCavendish alisebenzisa ukuphenya i-gravitational constant, ebizwa ngokuthi i-torsion balance. UCoulomb wahlola amandla kagesi, ngakho-ke wasebenzisa amabhola amabili ensimbi ashajwe ngogesi, kwathi uCavendish wahlola amandla adonsela phansi, ngakho-ke wasebenzisa amabhola amabili anobunzima obungenawo ugesi.

Indlela isikali se-torque esisebenza ngayo  

 
Indlela isikali se-torque esisebenza ngayo ihlobene nesihloko i-torque noma umzuzu wamandla esahlukweni amandla okujikeleza.
Isikhala esilinganisweni se-torsion singumshini wokuhlanza ukuvimbela ukushaja kukagesi ebholeni eliqinile ukuthi kungadluli emoyeni. Ukunqunywa kwenani lokushaja kukagesi ebholeni eliqinile kwenziwa kusetshenziswa indlela elandelayo. Ekuqaleni, ibhola eliqinile A lenziwa lishajwe ngogesi ngokusebenzisa ukuqhutshwa noma ukungqubuzana. Ibhola eliqinile A elishajwe ngogesi lixhunywe ebholeni eliqinile B elingasasebenzi kusetshenziswa umqhubi kagesi kuze kube yilapho ukushaja kukagesi kwebhola eliqinile A kuhlukaniswe ngokulinganayo nebhola eliqinile B. Uma inani lokushaja kukagesi kwebhola eliqinile A lingu-½ khona-ke inani lokushaja kukagesi kwebhola eliqinile B lingu-½. Okulandelayo, ibhola eliqinile B nebhola eliqinile C zixhunywe nomqhubi kagesi kuze kube yilapho ukushaja kukagesi kwebhola eliqinile B kuhlukaniswe ngokulinganayo nebhola eliqinile C. Uma inani lokushaja kukagesi kwebhola eliqinile B lingu-¼ khona-ke inani lokushaja kukagesi kwebhola eliqinile C lingu-¼. Inani lokushaja kukagesi kanye nohlobo lokushaja kukagesi kwebhola eliqinile 1 nebhola eliqinile 2 kutholakala ngale ndlela.

I-Solid sphere 1 kanye ne-solid sphere 2 zishajwa ngogesi ukuze lezi zimbulunga ezimbili eziqinile zixoshane uma lezi zimbulunga ezimbili zine-charge efanayo kagesi noma zidonselane uma lezi zimbulunga ezimbili zine-charge ehlukene kagesi. Ukuba khona kwamandla akhangayo noma axoshayo phakathi kwezimbulunga ezimbili eziqinile ezine-charge electric kubangela ukuthi i-solid sphere 2 ijikeleze. I-engeli yokuhamba kwe-solid sphere 2 ilinganiswa ukuze kutholakale amandla kagesi asebenza kulezi zimbulunga ezimbili eziqinile.

Izici ezithonya amandla kagesi

Ngokusekelwe ekuhlolweni okwenziwe kusetshenziswa ibhalansi yokugoba, uCoulomb wathola izinto eziningana.
– Kulolu vivinyo, ibanga phakathi kwamabhola amabili aqinile lihlala lifana. Uma inani lokushaja kagesi ebholeni eliqinile 1 lingu-1 kanye nenani lokushaja kagesi ebholeni eliqinile 2 lingu-1 khona-ke amandla kagesi asebenza kuwo womabili amabhola aqinile lingu-1. Uma inani lokushaja kagesi ebholeni eliqinile 1 lingu-2 kanye nenani lokushaja kagesi ebholeni eliqinile 2 lingu-2 khona-ke amandla kagesi asebenza kuwo womabili amabhola aqinile angu-4. UCoulomb uphethe ngokuthi ubukhulu bamandla kagesi asebenza kuwo womabili amabhola aqinile buhambisana nomkhiqizo wenani lokushaja kuwo womabili amabhola aqinile (F ≈ q₁ q₂).
– Kulolu vivinyo, inani lokushaja kuzo zombili amabhola aqinile lihlala lifana. Uma ibanga eliphakathi kwamabhola amabili aqinile lingu-1 khona-ke amandla kagesi asebenza kuzo zombili amabhola aqinile lingu-1. Uma ibanga eliphakathi kwamabhola amabili aqinile lingu-2 khona-ke amandla kagesi asebenza kuzo zombili amabhola aqinile lingu-¼. UCoulomb uphethe ngokuthi ubukhulu bamandla kagesi asebenza kuzo zombili amabhola aqinile bulingana ngokuphambene nesikwele sebanga (F ≈ 1 / r).²)

Umthetho kaCoulomb

Umthetho kaCoulomb umthetho wefiziksi ochaza ubudlelwano phakathi kwamandla kagesi, ukushaja kagesi, kanye nebanga eliphakathi kwamacala. Lo mthetho waklanywa ngokusekelwe ekuhlolweni kukaCoulomb, njengoba kuchaziwe esihlokweni esandulele.

Umthetho kaCoulomb ithi ubukhulu bamandla asetshenziswa yinhlayiya eshajelwe ngogesi kwenye inhlayiya eshajelwe ngogesi bulingana ngqo nomkhiqizo wesamba samacala ezinhlayiya ezimbili futhi bulingana ngokuphambene nesikwele sebanga eliphakathi kwezinhlayiya ezimbili ezishajelwe ngogesi. La mandla asebenza emgqeni oqondile oxhumanisa izinhlayiya ezimbili. Amandla kagesi ayacasula uma amacala kagesi ezinhlayiya ezimbili efana futhi amandla kagesi ekhanga uma amacala kagesi ezinhlayiya ezimbili engafani.

Umthetho kaCoulomb ungavezwa ku-equation yezibalo:
Incazelo yefomula:
F₁₂ = amandla kagesi phakathi kwe-particle 1 kanye ne-particle 2
q₁ = inani lezinhlayiya zezinhlayiya 1
q₂ = inani lamacala kagesi e-particle 2
r₁₂ = ibanga phakathi kwe-particle 1 kanye ne-particle 2
(funda: i-epsilon zero) = 8,854 x 10^-12 C²/Nm²
k = (okungaguquki kukaCoulomb) = 9 x 10⁹ I-Nm²/C²
F₂₁ amandla asetshenziswa yi-charge q₂ kushajwa u-q₁, kuyilapho u-F₁₂ amandla asetshenziswa yi-charge q₁ kushajwa u-q₂. F₂₁ kanye no-F₁₂ ukuxoshana uma ukushaja kungu-q₁ kanye no-q₂ ziyafana futhi zidonselana lapho ishaja liyi-q₁ kanye no-q₂ akulona uhlobo olufanayo.
F₂₁ kanye no-F₁₂ zinenani elifanayo, ziphambene futhi zisebenza ezintweni ezahlukene, ngakho-ke la mandla amabili ayimbhangqwana wamandla okusabela kwesenzo.