Izindlela Zokulawula Izinambuzane Zezitshalo Zikatamatisi
Utamatisi (i-Solanum lycopersicum) uyinto etshalwa kakhulu ngenxa yesidingo sawo esikhulu kanye nekhono lokukhula ezindaweni eziphansi kuya emaphakathi. Kodwa-ke, umkhiqizo katamatisi uvame ukwehla ngenxa yokuhlaselwa yizinambuzane okulimaza amaqabunga, iziqu, izimbali, ngisho nezithelo. Ukuhlaselwa yizinambuzane akugcini nje ngokunciphisa isivuno kodwa futhi kwehlisa ikhwalithi yezithelo, okwenza kube nzima ukuncintisana emakethe. Ngakho-ke, ukulawulwa kwezinambuzane ezitshalweni zikatamatisi kudinga amasu afanele, ahleliwe, futhi anobungani nemvelo ukuze kutholakale isivuno esihle kakhulu.
Izimiso Eziyisisekelo Zokuphathwa Kwezinambuzane Okuhlanganisiwe (i-IPM)
Indlela yokulawula izinambuzane enconywe kakhulu yi-Integrated Pest Management (IPM). I-IPM ihlanganisa izindlela ezahlukene zokulawula—zamasiko, zemishini, zebhayoloji, nezamakhemikhali—ezisetshenziswa ngokuhlakanipha ngokusekelwe ekubonweni kwensimu. Isimiso esiyinhloko se-IPM ukuvimbela ukuqhuma kwenani lezinambuzane ngendlela ephephile, ephumelelayo, kanye nezinsalela ezincane zezinambuzane. Ku-IPM, abalimi bakhuthazwa ukuba benze ukuqapha okuvamile, bathole izitha zemvelo, futhi basebenzise kuphela izibulala-zinambuzane lapho inani lezinambuzane lidlula imingcele yokulawula.
Izinambuzane Ezibalulekile Zezitshalo Zikatamatisi
Ezinye izinambuzane ezivame ukuhlasela utamatisi zifaka:
1. I-Tomato fruit worm (i-Helicoverpa armigera): Ihlasela izimbali nezithelo, ivule imigodi esithelweni, ibangele ukuthi sibole.
2. Izimpukane zezithelo (Bactrocera spp.): Uma zifaka amaqanda esithelweni, izibungu zidla inyama yesithelo bese zibangela ukuba isithelo siwe noma sibole.
3. Impukane Emhlophe (iBemisia tabaci): Imunca ujusi wamaqabunga, okwenza amaqabunga aphenduke aphuzi futhi isebenza njengomthwali wamagciwane afana neTomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus.
4. Ama-Thrips (Thrips parvispinus nabanye): Abangela amaqabunga agobile, amabala acwebezelayo, futhi asebenza njengegciwane.
5. Ama-Aphid (i-Aphis spp.): Munca uketshezi lwezitshalo, ubangele amaqabunga ukuba agobe futhi adlulisele amagciwane.
6. Izibungu (i-Tetranychus spp.): Zibangela amaqabunga ukuba abe phuzi, ome, futhi awe.
7. I-Armyworm (i-Spodoptera litura): Idla amaqabunga futhi ingahlasela izitshalo ezincane ngokushesha.
Ukuqaphela izimpawu nezinhlobo zezinambuzane kubaluleke kakhulu ukuze amasu okulawula aqondiswe ngendlela efanele.
Amasu Okulawula Ukulima (Amasiko)
Ukulawulwa kwezamasiko kwenziwa ngokuthuthukisa amasu okulima ukuze izitshalo zibe nempilo futhi indawo ezungezile ingavumeli kakhulu ukukhula kwezinambuzane.
1. Ukusetshenziswa kwembewu enempilo kanye nezinhlobo ezimelana nezifo
Sebenzisa imbewu eqinisekisiwe, futhi uma ikhona, khetha izinhlobo ezibekezelela kakhulu amagciwane noma izinambuzane ezithile. Izitshalo eziqinile kusukela ekuqaleni zivame ukumelana kakhulu nokuphazamiseka.
2. Ukuhlela ibanga lokutshala kanye nokuhlanzeka kwengadi
Ukutshala eduze kakhulu kwandisa umswakama futhi kwenza kube lula ngezinambuzane ukuhamba zisuka kwesinye isitshalo ziye kwesinye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imikhuba yokuhlanza ingadi njengokususa ukhula, ukususa amaqabunga amadala, kanye nokubhubhisa izithelo ezibolile kunganciphisa imithombo yezinambuzane.
3. Ukujikeleza kwezitshalo
Ukushintshanisa izitshalo ezingezona eze-solanaceae (isib. ummbila, ubhontshisi, noma imifino enamaqabunga) kungaphula umjikelezo wokuphila kwezinambuzane ezihlasela umndeni katamatisi ngqo.
4. Umanyolo olinganiselayo
Ukuvundisa i-nitrogen ngokweqile kungenza izitshalo zibe "ziluhlaza kakhulu," okwenza amaqabunga azo akhanga kakhulu ezinambuzaneni ezimuncayo njenge-aphid kanye nezimpukane ezimhlophe. Faka umquba njengoba kudingeka, ulinganise nge-potassium kanye ne-phosphorus ukuze uqinise izicubu zezitshalo.
5. Ukuphathwa kwamanzi kanye nokugeleza kwamanzi
Inhlabathi emanzi noma emanzi kakhulu ingenza kube kubi kakhulu ukukhula kwezifo futhi yenze izitshalo zibe buthaka, okwenza zibe sengozini enkulu yokuhlaselwa yizinambuzane. Uhlelo oluhle lokukhipha amanzi lusiza ekugcineni impilo yezitshalo.
Amasu Okulawula Okusebenza Ngomshini Nomzimba
Izindlela zemishini kulula ukuzisebenzisa futhi zifaneleka kakhulu ezilinganisweni ezincane kuya kweziphakathi.
1. Ukususwa kwezinambuzane ngesandla
Kuzinambuzane ezifana ne-armyworm noma i-fruit worms, ukuzikha ngesandla ekuseni noma kusihlwa kunganciphisa inani lazo, ikakhulukazi ezigabeni zokuqala zokuhlasela.
2. Ukuthena izingxenye ezithintekile
Amaqabunga agcwele kakhulu izimpukane ezimhlophe, ama-aphid, noma izibungu kufanele anqunywe futhi alahlwe kude nengadi. Lesi senzo sinciphisa umthombo wokusabalala.
3. Izicupho zezinambuzane
– Izicupho ezinamathelayo eziphuzi ziyasebenza ezimpukaneni ezimhlophe, ama-aphid, kanye nama-thrip.
– Izicupho ze-Pheromone ziyasebenza ekuqapheni nasekunciphiseni izibungu zezinambuzane zezithelo.
– Izicupho ze-Methyl eugenol zingasetshenziswa ezimpukaneni zezithelo ezinhlotsheni ezithile.
4. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-mulch
I-mulch yepulasitiki emnyama-siliva ayigcini nje ngokucindezela ukhula, kodwa futhi ikhombisa ukukhanya okungaphazamisa izinambuzane ezifana nezimpukane ezimhlophe kanye ne-thrips, ngaleyo ndlela kunciphisa ubukhali bokuhlaselwa.
5. Inethi yokuvikela
Ekulimeni okujulile, ukufaka amanethi ezinambuzane kungasiza ekuvimbeleni ukungena kwezinambuzane ezithwala amagciwane, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zokukhulisa izitshalo.
Amasu Okulawula Izinto Eziphilayo
Ukulawulwa kwezinto eziphilayo kusebenzisa izitha zemvelo noma izinto eziphilayo ukucindezela inqwaba yezinambuzane.
1. Ukulondolozwa kwezitha zemvelo
Izilwane ezidla ezinye njengezinambuzane ezincelisayo, izicabucabu, kanye nama-parasitoid zingacindezela ama-aphid kanye nezimpukane ezimhlophe. Ukuze uvikele izitha zemvelo, nciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ezibanzi futhi unikeze izitshalo eziqhakazayo (eziqhakazayo) ezizungeze ingadi.
2. Izinto eziphilayo kanye nemithi yokubulala izinambuzane
– I-Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) iyasebenza kuma-citrus adla amaqabunga kanye nama-citrus ezithelo esigabeni sama-larval amancane.
– I-Beauveria bassiana kanye ne-Metarhizium anisopliae ziyisikhunta esibangela izifo esingathelela izimpukane ezimhlophe, ama-thrip, kanye nezinhlobo eziningana zezibungu.
– Izithako ze-Neem, i-lemongrass, noma i-soursop leaf zivame ukusetshenziswa njengezibulala-zinambuzane zezitshalo ukucindezela izinambuzane ezimuncayo, yize zisebenza kangcono uma zisetshenziswa njalo kusukela ekuqaleni.
Ukulawulwa kwezinto eziphilayo ngokuvamile kudinga isikhathi kanye nokungaguquguquki, kodwa kuphephile endaweni ezungezile kanye nempilo.
Amasu Okulawula Amakhemikhali Ahlakaniphile
Izibulala-zinambuzane zamakhemikhali zingasetshenziswa, kodwa kufanele zibe yindlela yokugcina yokwelapha i-IPM. Ukusetshenziswa ngokungakhethi kungabangela ukumelana nezinambuzane, kubulale izitha zemvelo, futhi kushiye izinsalela ezithelweni.
1. Isicelo esisekelwe emkhawulweni wokulawula
Futha kuphela uma inani lezinambuzane lidlula umkhawulo ongabangela ukulahlekelwa kwezomnotho. Ukubheka njalo masonto onke (noma kaningi ngezikhathi zesomiso) kusiza ekuqondiseni izinqumo.
2. Ukukhetha isithako esisebenzayo esifanele
Sebenzisa izibulala-zinambuzane ezifanele uhlobo lwezinambuzane. Isibonelo, izinambuzane ezimuncayo zidinga izibulala-zinambuzane ezihlukile kunezinambuzane ezihlafuna. Ungasebenzisi izibulala-zinambuzane "ngenxa nje yakho" ngaphandle kokuthola ukuthi yisiphi izinambuzane.
3. Ukujikeleza kwezithako ezisebenzayo
Ukuze uvimbele ukumelana nezinambuzane, shintshanisa izithako ezisebenzayo ngezindlela ezahlukene zokusebenza. Gwema ukusebenzisa isithako esifanayo esisebenzayo ngokuphindaphindiwe ngesikhathi esisodwa sokulima.
4. Naka umthamo, isikhathi kanye nendlela yokufutha.
Landela ilebula, gqoka imishini yokuzivikela, bese ufutha ngesikhathi esifanele (ekuseni noma kusihlwa). Qinisekisa ukuthi imbozwe ngokulinganayo, okuhlanganisa nezingxenye ezingaphansi zamaqabunga, okuyizinto ezivame ukuhlatshwa yizinambuzane ezinjengezimpukane ezimhlophe kanye nezinambuzane ezinwabuzelayo.
5. Naka isikhathi sokuvuna (i-PHI)
Isibulala-zinambuzane ngasinye sinesikhathi sokulinda ngaphambi kokuvuna. Ukuthobela i-PHI kuqinisekisa ukusetshenziswa okuphephile futhi kugwema ukwenqatshwa emakethe ngenxa yezinsalela.
Ukuqapha Nokuhlola: Isihluthulelo Sempumelelo
Ukulawulwa kwezinambuzane zikatamatisi akuyona into eyenziwa kanye kuphela. Ukuqapha kubalulekile. Abalimi kufanele bahlole izitshalo zabo njalo: babheke phansi kwamaqabunga, amahlumela amancane, kanye nezithelo ezisakhula. Qopha izinhlobo zezinambuzane, izinga lokutheleleka, kanye nezimo zezulu. Ngokusekelwe kula marekhodi, amasu angahlolwa futhi alungiswe, isibonelo ngokungeza izicupho, ukuthuthukisa ukuhlanzeka, noma ukushintsha izindlela zokulawula.
I-Penutup
Amasu okulawula izinambuzane ezitshalweni zikatamatisi azosebenza kangcono uma esetshenziswa ngendlela ehlanganisiwe nge-IPM. Inhlanganisela yezinyathelo zamasiko zokuvimbela, ukulawula ngomshini, ukusetshenziswa kwezitha zemvelo, kanye nokusetshenziswa ngokuhlakanipha kwezibulala-zinambuzane kungagcina impilo yezitshalo, kunciphise ukulahlekelwa, futhi kukhiqize utamatisi osezingeni eliphezulu. Ngendlela efanele, abalimi abakwazi nje ukwandisa isivuno kodwa futhi bavikele imvelo nempilo yabathengi ngendlela eqhubekayo.
