Izitshalo Zezitshalo Zezithelo Ezingaphansi Kwezithombo Ezishisayo
Izitshalo zezithelo ezingaphansi kwezindawo ezishisayo ziyiqembu lezitshalo ezikhiqiza izithelo ezivame ukukhula kahle ezindaweni ezishisayo, okungukuthi izindawo ezinezinkathi ezine noma okungenani isikhathi esibandayo esihlukile unyaka wonke. Nakuba ezinye izithelo ezingaphansi kwezindawo ezishisayo manje zingatshalwa ezindaweni ezithile ezishisayo (ikakhulukazi izindawo eziphakeme), izici zazo zezitshalo kanye nezidingo zomzimba zisathonywa kakhulu yimvelaphi yazo yesimo sezulu. Ukuqonda i-botany yezitshalo zezithelo ezingaphansi kwezindawo ezishisayo kubalulekile hhayi nje ngezinjongo zesayensi kodwa futhi nasekulimeni, ekuzaleni, nasekulondolozweni kwe-germplasm.
Umqondo Wesimo Sezulu Esingaphansi Kwezimo Ezishisayo kanye Nomphumela Waso Ezitshalweni Zezithelo
Izimo zezulu ezingaphansi kwezindawo ezishisayo zibonakala ngehlobo elifudumele kuya kwelishisayo kanye nobusika obupholile kuya kwelibandayo. Ngokwezitshalo, isici esibalulekile esihlukanisa izitshalo eziningi zezithelo ezingaphansi kwezindawo ezishisayo kwezezindawo ezishisayo yisidingo "sokupholisa" sezinye izinhlobo. Lesi sidingo sihlobene nokungavuthi kwamahlumela, isimo somzimba sokuphumula esisiza izitshalo ukuba zisinde ezimweni ezibandayo bese ziqala ukukhula nokuqhakaza ngesikhathi esifanayo lapho amazinga okushisa eshisa.
Ezindaweni ezingahlangabezani nezidingo zokubanda, ezinye izitshalo zingase zibe nezinkinga zokuqhakaza, ukukhula kwamaqabunga okungalingani, noma ukukhiqizwa kwezithelo okuphansi. Ngakho-ke, ukukhetha izinhlobo ezinezidingo zokubanda okuphansi kuyisu elibalulekile lapho kutshalwa izithelo ezingaphansi kwezindawo ezishisayo ezindaweni ezifudumele.
Izinhlobo Ezihlukahlukene Zezitshalo Zezithelo Ezingaphansi Kwezishisayo kanye Nokuhlukaniswa Okuvamile
Ngokuvamile, izithelo ezingaphansi kwezindawo ezishisayo zihlanganisa izinhlobo ezahlukene zezitshalo ezivela emindenini ehlukene yezitshalo. Ezinye izibonelo ezaziwayo zifaka phakathi ama-apula (i-Malus domestica), amapheya (i-Pyrus spp.), amapentshisi (i-Prunus persica), ama-plum (i-Prunus domestica), ama-cherries (i-Prunus avium), amagilebhisi (i-Vitis vinifera), ama-strawberry (i-Fragaria × ananassa), kanye nezithelo ezithile ze-citrus (i-Citrus spp.) ezijwayeleke kahle ezimweni ezingaphansi kwezindawo ezishisayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-persimmon (i-Diospyros kaki), amapomegranate (i-Punica granatum), kanye nama-olive (i-Olea europaea) avame ukuhlotshaniswa nezindawo ezingaphansi kwezindawo ezishisayo nezindawo zaseMedithera.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwezitshalo zezithelo ezingaphansi kwezindawo ezishisayo kungabuyekezwa ngokwezinhlobo (umndeni, uhlobo, izinhlobo), uhlobo lokukhula (isihlahla, isihlahla, imifino), kanye nezici zamaqabunga (ezikhula kancane noma ezihlala isikhathi eside). Ama-apula, amapheya, kanye nezinhlobo eziningi ze-Prunus ngokuvamile ziyakhula kancane, kuyilapho i-citrus kanye ne-olive zivame ukuba zikhula kancane.
Isakhiwo Sezitshalo: Izimpande, Iziqu, Namaqabunga
olwenziwa
Uhlelo lwezimpande zezitshalo zezithelo ezingaphansi kwezindawo ezishisayo ngokuvamile luqukethe impande enkulu ekhula ibe yizimpande ezisemaceleni, ikakhulukazi ezitshalweni ezinezinkuni ezifana nama-apula nama-peaches. Izimpande zidlala indima ebalulekile ekumuncweni kwamanzi nezakhamzimba futhi zinikeza ukwesekwa. Ekulimeni kwanamuhla, ukusetshenziswa kwezimpande kuthonya isakhiwo sezimpande: ezinye izimpande zingathuthukisa ukubekezelela inhlabathi enzima, isomiso, usawoti, noma izifo ezithwalwa yinhlabathi.
Isiqu kanye nomqhele
Iziqu zezihlahla zezithelo ezingaphansi kwezindawo ezishisayo zinokhuni olukhula kancane kancane. Izicubu ze-cambium zakha i-xylem yesibili kanye ne-phloem, okubangela ukuthi isiqu sikhule ngobubanzi futhi sakhe amasongo onyaka ezinhlotsheni ezithile—into ebonakala ezindaweni ezinezinkathi zonyaka ezihlukene. Ukuma komqhele kuyahlukahluka, futhi ekulimeni kuvame ukwakhiwa ngokusika ukuze kulawulwe ukungena kokukhanya, ukujikeleza komoya, kanye nokusabalala kwezithelo.
Daun
Amaqabunga ezitshalo zezithelo ezingaphansi kwezindawo ezishisayo angaba lula (isib. ama-apula) noma abe yinhlanganisela kwezinye izinhlobo. Ezitshalweni ezibola amaqabunga, amaqabunga ayaguga futhi aphele njengoba ubusika busondela. Le nqubo ithonywa izinguquko zamahomoni kanye ne-photoperiodism (ubude bosuku). Ezitshalweni ezihlala ziluhlaza ezingaphansi kwezindawo ezishisayo njenge-citrus, amaqabunga avame ukuhlala isikhathi eside kodwa asaqhubeka nokuguquka kancane kancane kwamaqabunga.
I-Generation Morphology: Izimbali, Ukuthuthwa Kwempova, kanye Nezithelo
UBunga
Izimbali ziyisihluthulelo sokukhiqizwa kwezithelo okuphumelelayo. Izitshalo eziningi zezithelo ezingaphansi kwezindawo ezishisayo zikhiqiza izimbali eziphelele (ezinama-stamens nama-pistil) kodwa zisadinga ukuvundiswa kwempova ukuze kutholakale isivuno esihle. Uma kwenzeka ama-apula, isibonelo, izinhlobo eziningi azihambisani, zidinga izinhlobo zokuvundisa impova kanye nomsebenzi wezinambuzane, ikakhulukazi izinyosi.
Isakhiwo sezimbali singasiza ekuboneni umndeni: Izimbali zeRosaceae (ama-apula, amapheya, amapentshisi) ngokuvamile zinamacembe ahlukene nama-corollas, kanye nama-stamens amaningi. Amagilebhisi (iVitaceae) anezimbali ezincane, ezifana ne-panicle, kanti izimbali ze-citrus zinephunga elimnandi futhi zinama-stamens amaningi.
Ukuvundisa kanye Nokuvundisa
Ukuthuthwa kwempova kungasizwa umoya (i-anemophily) noma izinambuzane (i-entomophily), kodwa izitshalo eziningi zezithelo ezingaphansi kwezindawo ezishisayo zithembele ezinambuzaneni. Ngemva kokuthuthwa kwempova, ukukhulelwa kwenzeka, okubangela ukukhula kwezithelo nembewu. Izimo zezulu ngesikhathi sokuqhakaza zibalulekile: imvula, imimoya enamandla, noma amazinga okushisa aphansi kakhulu kungavimbela umsebenzi wokuthuthwa kwempova futhi kunciphise ukuqoqwa kwezithelo.
Uhlobo Lwezithelo
Ngokwezitshalo, igama elithi "izithelo" alisho njalo ukuthi lisho ukuthini ukupheka. Ama-apula namapheya ayizimbobo ngoba ingxenye edliwayo ivela kakhulu ezicutshini zembali (hypanthium), kuyilapho imbewu iqukethwe ngaphakathi kwesibeletho. Amapentshisi, amaplamu, nama-cherry yizithelo zamatshe (ama-drupes) ezine-endocarp eqinile. Amagilebhisi namawolintshi amajikijolo ngomqondo othile wezitshalo, kuyilapho izithelo ze-citrus zivame ukubizwa ngokuthi i-hesperidium, uhlobo lwejikijolo olunesikhumba esijiyile kanye namasaka ejusi.
Izidingo Zokungalali, Ukuguqulwa Kwesimo Sezulu, kanye Nokupholisa
Ukungavuki kwamahlumela kuyindlela ebalulekile yokusinda ebusika. Izitshalo zidinga ukuqongelela amazinga okushisa abandayo (amahora okubanda noma amayunithi okubanda) ukuze ziphule ukungavuki futhi ziqale ukukhula okuvamile ngesizini elandelayo. Umqondo wokushintshashintsha kwamahlumela—isidingo sesikhuthazo esibandayo ukuze kuqale ukuqhakaza—uhlobene kakhulu nezinhlobo eziningana, yize izindlela zingase zihluke.
Ukuqonda izidingo zokubanda kusiza abalimi ukuthi banqume izinhlobo ezifanele. Izinhlobo zama-apula "ezibandayo kakhulu" zifaneleka kangcono ezindaweni ezinobusika obukhulu, kuyilapho izinhlobo "ezibandayo kancane" zathuthukiswa ukuze zikhiqizwe ezindaweni ezifudumele, kufaka phakathi izindawo eziphakeme ezishisayo noma ezishisayo.
Ukuguquguquka Kwemvelo: Izinga Lokushisa, Ukukhanya, Namanzi
Izitshalo zezithelo ezingaphansi kwezindawo ezishisayo zibonisa ukubekezelela okuhlukahlukene amazinga okushisa abandayo. Ezinye zingasinda amazinga okushisa angaphansi kwe-zero, kodwa zisengozini yeqhwa ngesikhathi sokuqhakaza. I-Photoperiodism ithonya ukwakheka kwamahlumela ezimbali, izinga lokukhula, kanye nokuguquka kusuka esigabeni sokukhula kuya esigabeni sokuzala. Okwamanje, ukutholakala kwamanzi kuthinta usayizi wezithelo, okuqukethwe ushukela, kanye nekhwalithi ye-organoleptic.
Ezithelweni eziningi ezingaphansi kwezindawo ezishisayo, kufanele kugcinwe ibhalansi phakathi kokukhula kwezitshalo nokukhiqiza. I-nitrogen eningi ingakhuthaza ukukhiqizwa kwamaqabunga amaningi kanye namahlumela, okuholela ezimbalini ezimbalwa. Ukuntuleka kwamanzi ngesikhathi sokukhula kwezithelo kungabangela izithelo ezincane, eziqhekekile, noma ikhwalithi yazo yehle.
Ukusabalala Nokuzala: Kusukela Embewini Kuya Ekuxhunyelweni
Ngokwezitshalo, izitshalo zezithelo zingasakazwa ngokukhiqiza (kusukela ezinhlanyelweni) noma ngokutshala. Kodwa-ke, ukusakazwa kwembewu kuvame ukuholela ekuhlukeni okuphezulu kanye nezici zezithelo ezingaguquki. Ngakho-ke, imboni yezithelo ezingaphansi kwezindawo ezishisayo ithembele kakhulu ezindleleni zokusakazwa kwezitshalo njengokuxhunyelelwa, ukusika, ukuhluma, kanye nokuhluma. Lezi zindlela zigcina izici eziphakeme zohlobo (i-cultivar) futhi zivumela ukuhlanganiswa nezimpande ezifanele.
Ukuzalisa izitshalo zezithelo ezingaphansi kwezindawo ezishisayo kugxila ekumelaneni nezifo, ukuzivumelanisa nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, izidingo eziphansi zokubanda, ikhwalithi yokunambitheka, kanye nesikhathi sokuphelelwa yisikhathi. Le nqubo idinga ukuqonda izakhi zofuzo, i-biology yokuzala, kanye nokusebenzisana kwezitshalo nemvelo.
Izinambuzane, Izifo, kanye nezici zezitshalo zokuvikela izitshalo
Izitshalo zezithelo ezingaphansi kwezindawo ezishisayo zisengozini yezifo ezahlukahlukene zesikhunta, amagciwane, kanye namagciwane. Ngokwezitshalo, izitshalo zinezindlela zokuzivikela ezifana nama-cuticle amaqabunga, ama-phenolic compounds, kanye nezimpendulo zokungezwani kwezicubu. Kodwa-ke, ezinhlelweni zokulima ezijulile, ukumelana kwemvelo ngokuvamile akwanele, okudinga ukuphathwa kwezinambuzane okuhlanganisiwe, okuhlanganisa ukuhlanzeka kwensimu yezithelo, izinhlobo ezimelana nokumelana, kanye nokuphathwa kwekhava ukuvimbela umswakama owedlulele.
I-Penutup
Izitshalo zezitshalo zezithelo ezingaphansi kwezindawo ezishisayo zihlanganisa ucwaningo oluphelele lwesakhiwo sezitshalo, umsebenzi, kanye nokuzivumelanisa nezimo zezulu ezinezikhathi ezibandayo ezihlukile. Kusukela ekubunjweni kwezimpande kuya ohlotsheni lwezithelo, kusukela ekungavuthweni kwehlumela kuya ezindleleni zokungenisa impova, konke kuxhumene futhi kunquma ukukhiqizwa okuphumelelayo. Ngokuqonda lezi zimiso zezitshalo, ukutshalwa kwezithelo ezingaphansi kwezindawo ezishisayo kungaba ngcono, kuqhubeke, futhi kuhambisane nezinselele zokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kanye nesidingo semakethe. Ekugcineni, izitshalo zingaphezu nje kwemfundiso; zinikeza isisekelo esisebenzayo sokukhiqiza izithelo ezisezingeni eliphezulu nezihambisanayo kusukela enkathini kuya enkathini.
