Ukumelana kwe-Ohmic kanye ne-Non-Ohmic: Incazelo Ejulile Yemiqondo Emibili Eyisisekelo ku-Electrophysics
I-Pengantar
Ukumelana nogesi kuwumqondo oyisisekelo ku-electrophysics, ofundwe kusukela ekutholakaleni kwamandla kagesi. Ukuqonda ukumelana kusisiza ukuklama nokuphatha izinhlobo eziningi zamadivayisi kagesi, kusukela kwalula njengamabhamuza e-incandescent kuya kwayinkimbinkimbi njengamakhompyutha nama-smartphone. Izinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zokumelana okuvame ukuxoxwa ngazo ukumelana ne-ohmic kanye nokumelana ne-non-ohmic. Lesi sihloko sizochaza ngokugcwele lezi zinhlobo ezimbili zokumelana, indlela ezisebenza ngayo, umehluko wazo, nokuthi zisetshenziswa kanjani emhlabeni wangempela.
Ukumelana ne-Ohmic
Izimiso Eziyisisekelo
Ukumelana kwe-Ohmic kulandela uMthetho we-Ohm, owachazwa nguGeorg Simon Ohm ngekhulu le-19. UMthetho we-Ohm uthi i-voltage (V) esetshenziswa kumqhubi ilingana nogesi (I) odlula kuwo, kanti ukumelana (R) kungukungaguquguquki kokulingana. Ngokwezibalo, kubhalwa kanje:
\[ V = I \cdot R \]
Lapha, u-V uyi-voltage kuma-volts, u-I ungumsinga kuma-amperes, kanti u-R uwukumelana kuma-ohms.
Isici
Ukumelana kwe-ohmic kubonakala ngobudlelwano obuqondile phakathi kwe-voltage kanye nomsinga. Lokhu kusho ukuthi igrafu phakathi kwe-voltage kanye nomsinga izoba umugqa oqondile, one-gradient (ukwehla) okuhambisana nenani lokumelana.
Isibonelo
1. Izintambo Zensimbi: Iningi lezinsimbi, njengethusi ne-aluminium, zibonisa ukuziphatha kwe-ohmic emazingeni okushisa athile kanye nama-voltage.
2. I-Resistor: Ingxenye eyenzelwe ngqo ukuba nenani elithile lokumelana futhi ngokuvamile ibonisa ukuziphatha kwe-ohmic.
Isicelo
Ukumelana kwe-ohmic kusetshenziswa ezinhlotsheni eziningi, kusukela kumasekethe kagesi alula kuya kwayinkimbinkimbi. Isibonelo, ama-resistor asetshenziswa ukulawula ugesi kumasekethe kagesi, ama-incandescent bulbs abonisa ukumelana okucishe kube yi-ohmic kumasekethe aphansi, kanti izintambo zensimbi kumadivayisi amaningi kagesi zibonisa ukuziphatha kwe-ohmic.
Ukumelana Okungeyona i-Ohmic
Izimiso Eziyisisekelo
Ukumelana okungeyona i-ohmic akulandeli uMthetho we-Ohm. Ezingxenyeni ezingeyona i-ohmic, ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-voltage kanye nomsinga abuqondile futhi bungathinteka yizici ezahlukahlukene njengohlobo lwezinto ezibonakalayo, izinga lokushisa, kanye nokuqina komsinga noma kwe-voltage.
Isici
Igrafu ye-voltage vs yamanje yezinto ezingezona i-ohmic akuyona umugqa oqondile, kodwa ingaba yijika eliyinkimbinkimbi. Ubudlelwano phakathi kuka-V no-I bungachazwa ngesibalo esiyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kune-Ohm's Law elula.
Isibonelo
1. I-Diode: Idivayisi ye-semiconductor evumela ukuthi ugesi ugeleze ohlangothini olulodwa hhayi ohlangothini oluphambene.
2. I-Transistor: Idivayisi ye-semiconductor esetshenziselwa ukukhulisa noma ukushintsha amasignali kagesi, enezimpawu ezingezona ze-ohmic.
3. Izibani ze-LED: Esinye isibonelo sedivayisi kagesi ebonisa ukuziphatha okungekhona okwe-ohmic ngoba ugesi awulingani ngokulinganayo ne-voltage.
4. Izinto Zokucutshungulwa Kwe-semiconductor: Ezintweni ezifana ne-silicon noma i-germanium, ukumelana kushintsha kakhulu ngokushintsha kwamandla kagesi kanye nokushisa.
Isicelo
Amadivayisi angewona ama-ohmic abalulekile kubuchwepheshe besimanje. Izingxenye ze-semiconductor ezifana nama-diode nama-transistors zakha isisekelo cishe sawo wonke amadivayisi kagesi namuhla, okuhlanganisa amakhompyutha, omakhalekhukhwini, kanye namanye amadivayisi okuxhumana. Ama-diode asetshenziswa ekuguqulweni kwe-AC-to-DC, ekuvikelweni kwesekethe, nasekubonisweni kwesignali. Ama-transistors asetshenziswa kumadivayisi e-logic edijithali, kuma-amplifier esignali, nokunye okuningi.
Ukuhlaziywa Komehluko
1. Ubudlelwano phakathi kweVoltage kanye ne-Current
– Ohmic: Umugqa oqondile
– Okungeyona i-Ohmic: Okungeyona eqondile
2. Ukulandela uMthetho ka-Ohm
– Ohmik: Yebo
– Okungeyona i-Ohmic: Cha
3. Izibonelo Ezijwayelekile
– Ohmic: I-Resistor, ucingo lwensimbi
– Okungeyona i-Ohmic: Ama-diode, ama-transistors, izinto ze-semiconductor
4. Igrafu ye-V vs. I
– Ohmic: Umugqa oqondile
– Okungeyona i-Ohmic: Ijika
Izici Ezithinta Izithiyo
– Izinga Lokushisa: Ukumelana kwezinsimbi kuyanda ngokushisa okwandayo, kuyilapho ukumelana kwama-semiconductor kuvame ukwehla ngokushisa okwandayo.
– Izinto: Izinto ezisetshenziswayo zithonya ukuthi izinto ziyi-ohmic noma aziyi-ohmic.
– I-Voltage: Ezintweni ezingezona i-ohmic, izinguquko ku-voltage zivame ukubangela izinguquko ezinkulu ku-current ngendlela engeyona eqondile.
– Ugesi: Kwezinye izinto ezingezona i-ohmic, ukwanda okukhulu kogesi kungabangela ushintsho ekumelaneni kwezinto.
Isiphetho
Ukuqonda umehluko phakathi kokumelana kwe-ohmic kanye ne-non-ohmic kubalulekile ekuklameni nasekusebenziseni amasekethe kagesi nawe-elekthronikhi asebenza kahle futhi athembekile. Ukumelana kwe-ohmic, ngesimo sayo esiqondile, kunikeza ukuqonda okuqondile nokulula okuwusizo kakhulu ezinhlelweni eziningi eziyisisekelo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukumelana okungeyona i-ohmic, ngesimo sayo esingeyona i-linear futhi esiyinkimbinkimbi, kunikeza ukuguquguquka okukhulu kanye nokusebenza okuhle kubuchwepheshe besimanje obudinga ukulawulwa okunembile nokuguquguqukayo kokugeleza kwamanje.
Ezweni elithembele kakhulu kubuchwepheshe, ukuqonda okuqinile kwalezi zinhlobo ezimbili zokumelana akuyona nje inzuzo, kodwa kuyisidingo konjiniyela, ososayensi, kanye nochwepheshe abasebenza ukusungula nokuthuthukisa amasimu ahlukahlukene obuchwepheshe. Ngalolu lwazi, singabikezela kangcono, silawule, futhi ekugcineni sisebenzise imisinga kagesi ukudala umhlaba osebenza kahle futhi othuthuke kakhulu kwezobuchwepheshe.
