Amaqembu Asebenzayo Kuma-Carbon Compounds
I-Pendahuluan
Ama-carbon compounds anesimo esiyingqayizivele nesiyinkimbinkimbi kumakhemikhali e-organic. Isihluthulelo salokhu kuhlukahluka yikhono le-carbon lokwakha izibopho nezakhiwo ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi amaketanga aqondile, ajikelezayo, nangamagatsha. Isici esibalulekile esinikeza ama-organic compounds izici zawo ezihlukile amaqembu awo asebenzayo. Amaqembu asebenzayo amaqembu ama-athomu ngaphakathi kwe-molecule anesibopho sezakhiwo ezithile zamakhemikhali. Kulesi sihloko, sizoxoxa ngezinhlobo ezahlukene zamaqembu asebenzayo kuma-carbon compounds, izakhiwo zawo nezici zawo, kanye nokubaluleka kwawo ekusetshenzisweni okusebenzayo.
Ukuqonda Amaqembu Asebenzayo
Iqembu elisebenzayo liyingxenye ye-molecule ekhombisa njalo ukusabela okuthile kwamakhemikhali. La maqembu angaba ne-athomu elilodwa noma ngaphezulu futhi aqukethe inhlanganisela ethile yezinto ezinikeza i-molecule izakhiwo zayo ezihlukile. Izibonelo ezivame kakhulu zamaqembu asebenzayo zifaka phakathi ama-alcohols, ama-aldehydes, ama-ketone, ama-carboxylic acid, nama-amine. Amaqembu asebenzayo anquma ukusabela kwamakhemikhali, iphuzu lokubila, iphuzu lokuncibilika, i-polarity, kanye nezinye izakhiwo eziningi zomzimba nezamakhemikhali ze-compound.
Iqembu Lotshwala
Elinye lamaqembu asebenzayo avame kakhulu kumakhemikhali e-organic utshwala. Iqembu lotshwala lakhiwa i-athomu ye-oxygen exhunywe kwi-athomu ye-hydrogen (OH) exhunywe kwi-athomu ye-carbon. Isakhiwo esijwayelekile sotshwala yi-R-OH, lapho i-R iyiqembu le-alkyl noma le-aryl. Ama-alcohol ahlukaniswa njengeqembu eliyinhloko, elesibili, nelesithathu, kuye ngenani lama-athomu e-carbon axhunywe ngqo kwi-athomu ye-carbon exhunywe eqenjini le-hydroxyl.
– Ama-alcohol ayinhloko: I-athomu yekhabhoni ephethe iqembu le-OH ixhunywe kwenye i-athomu yekhabhoni eyodwa kuphela. Izibonelo: i-methanol (CH3OH) kanye ne-ethanol (CH3CH2OH).
– Utshwala besibili: I-athomu yekhabhoni ebopha iqembu le-OH ibophana namanye ama-athomu amabili yekhabhoni. Isibonelo: i-isopropanol (CH3CHOHCH3).
– Utshwala obuphezulu: I-athomu yekhabhoni ebopha iqembu le-OH ibophana namanye ama-athomu amathathu yekhabhoni. Isibonelo: i-t-butanol (C(CH3)3OH).
Utshwala lunezinga lokubila eliphezulu ngenxa yezibopho ze-hydrogen phakathi kwama-molecule alo. Utshwala lusetshenziswa kabanzi njengesinyibilikisi, isibulala-magciwane, kanye nophethiloli.
Ama-Aldehydes namaKetone
Ama-aldehydes nama-ketone ayizinhlobo ezimbili zamaqembu asebenzayo e-carbonyl anezakhiwo zamakhemikhali ezifanayo, kodwa atholakala ezindaweni ezahlukene ku-molecule.
– Ama-Aldehydes: Aneqembu le-carbonyl (C=O) elihlanganiswe ne-athomu ye-hydrogen kanye ne-athomu ye-carbon. Isakhiwo esijwayelekile se-aldehyde yi-R-CHO. Izibonelo zama-aldehydes yi-formaldehyde (HCHO) kanye ne-acetaldehyde (CH3CHO).
– I-Ketone: Ineqembu le-carbonyl (C=O) elihlanganiswe nama-athomu amabili e-carbon. Isakhiwo esijwayelekile se-ketone yi-R-CO-R'. Isibonelo se-ketone yi-acetone (CH3COCH3).
Ama-aldehyde nama-ketone atholakala ezintweni eziningi zebhayoloji nezezimboni. Ama-aldehyde asetshenziswa kabanzi embonini yamakha namakhemikhali, kuyilapho ama-ketone eyizincibilikisi ezinhle futhi avame ukusetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwezimonyo.
I-Carboxylic Acid
I-carboxylic acid iyiqembu elisebenzayo eliqukethe iqembu le-carbonyl (C=O) kanye neqembu le-hydroxyl (OH) ku-athomu efanayo yekhabhoni, okwenza kube yisakhiwo esijwayelekile i-R-COOH. Ama-carboxylic acid ane-acid ngoba akhipha kalula ama-ion e-hydrogen (H+). Izibonelo zama-carboxylic acid yi-acetic acid (CH3COOH) kanye ne-benzoic acid (C6H5COOH).
Ama-carboxylic acid ayizinto ezibalulekile ku-biology kanye nasembonini. Atholakala ekudleni okuhlukahlukene kanye namafutha, futhi adlala indima emijikelezweni yamakhemikhali njengomjikelezo we-Krebs.
Amina
Ama-Amine amaqembu asebenzayo aqukethe i-nitrogen eboshelwe ku-athomu eyodwa noma ngaphezulu yekhabhoni. Angahlukaniswa njenge-primary, secondary, kanye ne-tertiary ngokusekelwe enanini lama-athomu ekhabhoni aboshelwe ku-nitrogen.
– Ama-amine ayinhloko: I-nitrogen ixhunyaniswe ne-athomu eyodwa yekhabhoni. Isibonelo: i-methylamine (CH3NH2).
– Ama-amine esibili: I-nitrogen ixhunyaniswe nama-athomu amabili e-carbon. Isibonelo: i-dimethylamine (CH3NHCH3).
– Ama-amine aphezulu: I-nitrogen ixhunyaniswe nama-athomu amathathu e-carbon. Isibonelo: i-trimethylamine (N(CH3)3).
Ama-amine ayisisekelo futhi atholakala kabanzi ku-biology njengezingxenye zama-amino acid nama-neurotransmitter. Ama-amine asetshenziswa futhi emithini yemithi kanye nodayi bokwenziwa.
Ama-Ether nama-Esters
Ama-ether nama-ester amanye amaqembu amabili asebenzayo avamile kumakhemikhali e-organic.
– I-Ether: Iqukethe ama-athomu amabili ekhabhoni axhunywe yi-athomu ye-oxygen (RO-R'). Isibonelo se-ether yi-diethyl ether (CH3CH2OCH2CH3), okuyi-solvent evamile emalabhorethri ekhemistri.
– I-Ester: Yakhiwe ngokusabela phakathi kwe-carboxylic acid kanye notshwala, ngesakhiwo esijwayelekile i-R-COOR'. Isibonelo se-ester yi-ethyl acetate (CH3COOCH2CH3), esetshenziswa njengesinyibilikisi embonini yopende kanye ne-lacquer.
Ama-Ester anephunga elimnandi futhi asetshenziswa kabanzi embonini yeziqholo kanye nokudla ukuze anikeze ukunambitheka okuhlukile kanye namaphunga.
Ukubaluleka Kwamaqembu Asebenzayo Ezicelo Ezisebenzayo
Amaqembu asebenzayo avumela ukwakheka nokuhlanganiswa kwama-molecule ahlukahlukene anezakhiwo ezithile, ezifiselekayo. Isibonelo, embonini yezokwelapha, ukuba khona noma ukungabikho kweqembu elithile elisebenzayo kungashintsha umsebenzi webhayoloji womuthi, ukuzinza, kanye nendlela osebenza ngayo emzimbeni. Amaqembu asebenzayo avumela futhi ukwakheka kwezinto ezinezakhiwo ezithile zemishini, ezishisayo, noma zikagesi emikhakheni yama-polymer nezinto ezihlanganisiwe.
Isiphetho
Amaqembu asebenzayo adlala indima ebalulekile ekunqumeni izakhiwo zamakhemikhali nezomzimba zama-carbon compounds. Ukuqonda izinhlobo ezahlukene zamaqembu asebenzayo, ukusabela kwawo, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwawo ezimbonini ezahlukene kuyisihluthulelo sokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe nesayensi. Ngokuqhubeka nokufunda nokuqonda amaqembu asebenzayo, singakha izinto ezintsha nobuchwepheshe obungaguqula indlela esiphila futhi sisebenze ngayo.
