Izifundo Zezimo Zokuzamazama Komhlaba Okukhulu Emhlabeni
Ukuzamazama komhlaba kuphakathi kwezinhlekelele zemvelo ezibhubhisa kakhulu emhlabeni. Lokhu kuzamazama komhlaba okunamandla, okubangelwa ukunyakaza kwamapuleti e-tectonic ngaphakathi koqweqwe loMhlaba, kungabangela ukubhujiswa okubanzi, kuthinte izinkulungwane, ngisho nezigidi zabantu. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola ukuzamazama komhlaba okukhulu okuningana okwenzeke emhlabeni wonke, okuhlanganisa izimbangela zako, imiphumela, kanye nezifundo ezibalulekile ezifundwe.
Ukuzamazama Komhlaba eSendai (2011) – eJapane
Ngomhlaka-11 Mashi 2011, iJapane yahlaselwa ukuzamazama komhlaba kweSendai, okulinganiselwa ku-9,0 esikalini sikaRichter. Kwakungenye yokuzamazama komhlaba okubi kakhulu okwake kwabhalwa. Indawo eyayiyinhloko kwakusePacific Ocean, cishe ngamakhilomitha angu-130 ukusuka ogwini olusempumalanga yeSendai, eSifundazweni saseMiyagi. Lokhu kuzamazama komhlaba kwabangela i-tsunami enkulu enamagagasi afinyelela kumamitha angu-40,5 ukuphakama ashaya ogwini olusempumalanga yeJapane, kwalimaza amadolobha amaningi futhi kwabangela ukuncibilika eSitshalweni Samandla Enuzi saseFukushima Daiichi.
Izimbangela Zokuzamazama Komhlaba
Lokhu kuzamazama komhlaba kwenzeke ngenxa yokuncishiswa kwepuleti loLwandlekazi iPacific ngaphansi kwepuleti lase-Eurasia. Lokhu kuncishiswa kwadala ingcindezi enkulu eyagcina ikhishwe njengokuzamazama komhlaba.
Umthelela
Inani labashonile lafinyelela ngaphezu kuka-15.000, kwathi amashumi ezinkulungwane alimala kanti abangaphezu kuka-3.000 balahlekile. Ingqalasizinda ebalulekile njengemigwaqo, izitimela, namabhuloho yabhidlika, kwathi izakhiwo zadilika. ESitshalweni Samandla Enuzi SaseFukushima Daiichi, uhlelo lokupholisa lwahluleka, okwabangela ukuvuza kwemisebe okwadinga ukuphuma okukhulu kanye neminyaka yemizamo yokulungisa.
Isifundo
IJapan yaziwa njengezwe elilungiselele kahle ukuzamazama komhlaba, elinemithetho yokwakha engamelani nokuzamazama komhlaba kanye nokuqeqeshwa okuvamile kokuphuma kwabantu. Kodwa-ke, ubukhulu bale nhlekelele bushukumisele ohulumeni nososayensi emhlabeni wonke ukuba bathuthukise ukulungela nokuncishiswa kokuzamazama komhlaba kanye ne-tsunami, okuhlanganisa nezinhlelo zokuxwayisa kusenesikhathi ezisebenza kahle kakhulu.
Ukuzamazama Komhlaba kanye ne-Tsunami Yolwandle i-Indian (2004)
Okunye ukuzamazama komhlaba okubi kakhulu kwahlasela ngoDisemba 26, 2004, ogwini olusentshonalanga yeSumatra, e-Indonesia. Njengoba kwakulinganiswa ngo-9,1–9,3 esikalini sikaRichter, kwakuwukuzamazama komhlaba kwesithathu ngobukhulu okwake kwabhalwa, futhi kwabangela i-tsunami enkulu eyahlasela ogwini lwamazwe angu-14 azungeze uLwandlekazi i-Indian, kusukela e-Indonesia kuya eMpumalanga Afrika.
Izimbangela Zokuzamazama Komhlaba
Imbangela yalokhu kuzamazama komhlaba kwaba ukucwiliswa kwepuleti lase-Indo-Australia ngaphansi kwepuleti lase-Eurasia. Ukunyakaza okukhulu okuqondile phansi kolwandle okubangelwe yilokhu kuzamazama komhlaba kwabangela i-tsunami enamandla.
Umthelela
Abantu abangaphezu kuka-230.000 bafa noma babalwa njengabalahlekile, okwenza kube ngenye yezinhlekelele zemvelo ezibulala kakhulu emlandweni wanamuhla. Ingqalasizinda e-Aceh, eThailand, eSri Lanka naseNdiya yabhujiswa ngokuphelele. Izinkulungwane zemiphakathi yasogwini zawa, futhi izindawo ezinkulu zavalwa usizo izinsuku eziningi ngenxa yokuphazamiseka kwemizila yezokuthutha.
Isifundo
Le nhlekelele yaqokomisa ukubaluleka kwezinhlelo zokuxwayisa kusenesikhathi ze-tsunami, ezazingatholakali ngaleso sikhathi e-Indian Ocean. Ngemva kwale nhlekelele, izinhlelo zokuxwayisa kusenesikhathi ze-tsunami zakhiwa futhi zasetshenziswa emazweni ahlukahlukene azungeze i-Indian Ocean ukuvimbela ukulahlekelwa okwengeziwe esikhathini esizayo.
Ukuzamazama Komhlaba Okukhulu KwaseKanto (1923) – eJapane
Ngomhlaka-1 Septhemba 1923, ukuzamazama komhlaba okulinganiselwa ku-7,9 esikalini sikaRichter kwahlasela isifunda saseKanto eJapane, okuhlanganisa inhloko-dolobha iTokyo kanye nedolobha laseYokohama eliyitheku.
Izimbangela Zokuzamazama Komhlaba
Lokhu kuzamazama komhlaba kwabangelwa ukushayisana kwamapuleti asePhilippines nase-Eurasia, okwadala ukucindezela okukhulu. Lokhu kukhululwa kokucindezela kwabe sekudala ukuzamazama okubhubhisayo emhlabeni.
Umthelela
Ukuzamazama Komhlaba Okukhulu eKanto kwalimaza ingqalasizinda futhi kwabangela imililo emikhulu eyabhubhisa idolobha izinsuku eziningana. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi abantu abayi-142.800 bafa ngenxa yokuzamazama komhlaba kanye nemililo eyalandela, kwathi amakhulu ezinkulungwane zezakhiwo zabhujiswa. Le nhlekelele yabangela nokulahlekelwa okukhulu kwezomnotho futhi yashintsha kakhulu ubuso beTokyo neYokohama.
Isifundo
Le nhlekelele igcizelele ukubaluleka kokwakha amadolobha amaningi angakwazi ukumelana nezinhlekelele. Imithetho yokwakha eqinile kanye nezinhlelo eziphuthumayo ezithuthukisiwe zaqaliswa kamuva, ezinye zazo ezisasebenza nanamuhla. Lo mcimbi uphinde waba yimbangela yokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe be-seismological kanye nocwaningo eJapane.
Ukuzamazama Komhlaba eGorkha (2015) – eNepal
Ngomhlaka-25 kuMbasa 2015, iNepal yahlaselwa ukuzamazama komhlaba okukhulu okulinganiselwa ku-7,8 esikalini sikaRichter, okwakusesifundeni saseGorkha. Lokhu kwakuwukuzamazama komhlaba okukhulu kunawo wonke okwake kwahlasela iNepal kusukela ngo-1934 futhi kwanyakazisa inhloko-dolobha, iKathmandu, nezindawo ezizungezile.
Izimbangela Zokuzamazama Komhlaba
Ukuzamazama komhlaba kweGorkha kwabangelwa ukugobhoza kwepuleti laseNdiya ngaphansi kwepuleti lase-Eurasia. Le ndawo yokugobhoza iyingxenye yesakhiwo sezintaba zaseHimalaya, esiqhubeka nokuba ne-tectonics esebenzayo.
Umthelela
Abantu abangaphezu kuka-8.000 bafa kwathi ababalelwa ku-22.000 balimala. Izakhiwo eziningi zomlando, okuhlanganisa nombhoshongo waseDharahara eKathmandu, zadilika. Amashumi ezinkulungwane zezindlu abhujiswa, kanti izindawo eziningana zahlukaniswa ukudilika komhlaba okwabangelwa ukuzamazama komhlaba. Lokhu kuzamazama komhlaba kwabangela nokuwa kwezintaba eNtabeni i-Everest, okwabangela ukulimala kwabakhwela izintaba.
Isifundo
Le nhlekelele igcizelela ukubaluleka kokuhlolwa okungcono kwezingozi kanye nokuhlela impendulo yezinhlekelele. Nakuba iNepal iyizwe elinengozi enkulu yokuzamazama komhlaba, ingqalasizinda yayo isalokhu isengozini enkulu. Lokhu kugcizelela ukubaluleka kosizo lobuntu lwamazwe ngamazwe, ukwakha kabusha, kanye nemfundo yomphakathi ngalokho okufanele kwenziwe ngesikhathi nangemva kokuzamazama komhlaba.
Isiphetho
Ukuzamazama komhlaba kuyizinto zemvelo esingenakuzigwema, kodwa ukulindela nokunciphisa kunganciphisa kakhulu umthelela wazo. Lezi zifundo zokuzamazama komhlaba okukhulu zibonisa ukuthi ngemuva kwayo yonke inhlekelele enkulu, kunezifundo ezibalulekile okufanele zifundwe. Ubuchwepheshe kanye nocwaningo lwe-seismological kuyaqhubeka nokuthuthuka, kunikeza ososayensi nohulumeni amathuluzi amasha okuvikela kangcono imiphakathi esikhathini esizayo. Imfundo yomphakathi kanye nokulungiselela kuyisihluthulelo sokubhekana nenye yamandla abhubhisayo kakhulu emvelo.
