## Isakhiwo Sangaphakathi Somhlaba
Umhlaba, iplanethi yesithathu evela eLangeni ohlelweni lwethu lwelanga, uphakathi kwezimo eziningi ezithakazelisayo ze-geological. Enye indlela yokuqonda lezi zimo ukufunda isakhiwo sangaphakathi soMhlaba. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola izendlalelo ezahlukahlukene ezakha uMhlaba, kusukela ebusweni bawo kuya enkabeni yawo ejulile.
### 1. Ungqimba lomhlaba
#### 1.1 Uqweqwe Lwezwekazi
Uqweqwe lwezwekazi luyahlukahluka ngobukhulu, kusukela kumakhilomitha angaba ngu-30 kuya kwangu-70. Luyishelufu elikhulu kunawo wonke lamadwala angenawo umoya, angenamanzi, kanye nawashintshayo esiwabona ezintabeni, ezigodini, nasemaphethelweni. Uqweqwe lwezwekazi lwakhiwe ngokuyinhloko nge-granite elula futhi lucebile ngamaminerali e-silicate njenge-feldspar ne-quartz.
#### 1.2 Uqweqwe Lwase-Oceanic
Uqweqwe lwase-ocean luncane futhi luqinile kunoqweqwe lwase-continental, olunobukhulu obumaphakathi obungaba amakhilomitha ayi-5 kuya kwayi-10. Lubuswa yi-basalt namanye amatshe angcolile amnyama futhi asindayo kune-granite. Uqweqwe lwase-ocean yilapho kuvame ukwenzeka khona imisebenzi yezintaba-mlilo ezingaphansi kwamanzi kanye nokuzamazama komhlaba.
### 2. Ijazi
I-mantle ingaphansi koqweqwe futhi ifinyelela ekujuleni okungamakhilomitha angaba ngu-2.900. Yakhiwe izingxenye ezimbili eziyinhloko: i-mantle engenhla kanye ne-mantle engezansi.
#### 2.1 Ijazi Eliphezulu
Ingxenye engenhla yale mantle, ebizwa ngokuthi i-lithosphere, iqinile futhi ihilelekile ekunyakazeni kwamapuleti e-tectonic. Ngaphansi kwayo kulele i-asthenosphere, eyipulasitiki kakhulu futhi evumela ukunyakaza okuguqukayo. Amazinga okushisa aphezulu kanye nokucindezela kulolu ngqimba kwenza idwala libe manzi kancane futhi livumele imisinga yokuguquguquka eqhuba ukunyakaza kwamapuleti e-tectonic.
#### 2.2 Ijazi Eliphansi
I-mantle engezansi iphakathi kwamakhilomitha angu-670 no-2.900 ukujula futhi inamadwala aminyene naqinile. Kodwa-ke, lesi sifunda sisasekela imisinga ye-convection. Ukunyakaza kule mantle engezansi kungathinta umsebenzi wezintaba-mlilo kanye nokuzamazama komhlaba ebusweni boMhlaba.
### 3. Umongo
Ingqikithi iyisikhungo soMhlaba, futhi ihlukaniswe izifunda ezimbili: ingqikithi yangaphandle kanye nengqikithi yangaphakathi.
#### 3.1 Umongo Wangaphandle
Ingaphakathi langaphandle liyingqimba eyenziwe ngensimbi ewuketshezi kanye ne-nickel etholakala ekujuleni okuphakathi kwamakhilomitha angu-2.900 no-5.150. Ukuhamba koketshezi ngaphakathi kwale ngxenye yangaphandle kudala amandla kazibuthe oMhlaba, okubalulekile ekuvikeleni iplanethi yethu emisebeni yelanga eyingozi kanye nokugcina umoya wayo uhlanzekile.
#### 3.2 Ingaphakathi Lenhliziyo
Ingaphakathi elingaphakathi liyindilinga eqinile futhi eyakhiwe ngengxube yensimbi ne-nickel. Ingaphakathi elingaphakathi lidlula cishe amakhilomitha angu-5.150 kuya ku-6.371 ngaphansi kobuso boMhlaba. Ingaphakathi elingaphakathi lihlala liqinile ngenxa yokucindezeleka okuphezulu kakhulu, yize amazinga okushisa efinyelela cishe ku-5.400°C. Ingaphakathi elingaphakathi lidlala indima ebalulekile ekugcineni ukuzinza kwensimu yamagnetic yoMhlaba.
### 4. Izenzakalo Zejiyoloji
#### 4.1 Ukunyakaza Kwepuleti Le-Tectonic
I-lithosphere yakhiwe ngamapuleti e-tectonic antantayo ku-asthenosphere. Lokhu kuhamba kubangela izimo ezahlukahlukene ze-geological njengokuzamazama komhlaba, izintaba-mlilo, nokwakheka kwezintaba. Lapho la mapuleti eshayisana, ehla (elinye ipuleti lishona ngaphansi kwelinye), noma lisuka kwelinye, amandla akhishwayo angashintsha ubuso boMhlaba.
#### 4.2 Intaba-mlilo
Intaba-mlilo iwukukhishwa kwe-magma kusuka esiqongweni kuya ebusweni boMhlaba ngezintaba-mlilo. Le nqubo ayigcini nje ngokwakha izindawo ezintsha zomhlaba kodwa ingabangela nokuqhuma okukhulu, kukhiphe umlotha, i-lava, namagesi emkhathini.
#### 4.3 Ukuzamazama Komhlaba
Ukuzamazama komhlaba kubangelwa ukunyakaza noma ukukhishwa kwamandla ngokuzumayo ngaphakathi kwamapuleti e-tectonic. Lokhu kuvame ukwenzeka emingceleni yamapuleti noma emaphutheni e-geological. Ukuzamazama komhlaba kungabangela umonakalo omkhulu futhi kube nomthelela obanzi ekuphileni ebusweni boMhlaba.
### 5. Ucwaningo Nobuchwepheshe
Ososayensi basebenzisa izindlela ezahlukahlukene ukutadisha isakhiwo sangaphakathi soMhlaba. Enye indlela enjalo i-seismology, ehilela ukuhlaziya amagagasi okuzamazama komhlaba abangelwa ukuzamazama komhlaba. Ngokutadisha ukuthi la magagasi ahamba kanjani ezingqimbeni ezahlukene zoMhlaba, ososayensi bangakwazi ukulingisa isakhiwo kanye nezakhiwo zezinto ezingaphakathi koMhlaba.
Ezinye izindlela zifaka phakathi izivivinyo zelebhu ezilingisa ukucindezela okuphezulu kanye nezimo zokushisa ezijulile ngaphakathi eMhlabeni, kanye nokubuka ngqo izinto ze-geological ezilethwe phezulu ngumsebenzi wentaba-mlilo.
### Isiphetho
Ukuqonda isakhiwo sangaphakathi soMhlaba kuthuthuke ngokushesha ngenxa yentuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe nezindlela zesayensi. Kusukela oqweqweni olungaphezulu kuya enkabeni ejulile, ungqimba ngalunye loMhlaba ludlala indima ebalulekile ekushintsheni kweplanethi. Ucwaningo olwengeziwe ngeke lujulise ukuqonda kwethu uMhlaba kuphela kodwa luzosisiza futhi silungiselele kangcono izinhlekelele zemvelo ezifana nokuzamazama komhlaba nokuqhuma kwezintaba-mlilo.
Ukuqonda ukwakheka koMhlaba kusinika ukuqonda okungcono ngesinye sezici eziyisisekelo zekhaya lethu—uMhlaba. Lokhu kuqonda kubalulekile hhayi kuphela kwisayensi kodwa futhi nasekusindeni kwesikhathi eside kwesintu kule planethi esiyithandayo.
