Umlando Wokuvela Komkhathi Womhlaba
Umkhathi woMhlaba awuyona into engashintshi. Ushintshe kakhulu kusukela iplanethi yasungulwa eminyakeni ecishe ibe yizigidigidi ezingu-4,5 edlule. Isigaba ngasinye emlandweni wokuvela komkhathi woMhlaba sithonywe yizici ezahlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa umsebenzi wezintaba-mlilo, izinqubo ze-geological, kanye nokuvela nokuguquka kokuphila kule planethi. Lesi sihloko sihlose ukuchaza umlando omude wokuvela komkhathi woMhlaba, kusukela ekwakhekeni kwawo kokuqala kuya esimweni sawo samanje.
Izigaba Zokuqala Zomkhathi Oyinhloko
Ngesikhathi uMhlaba uqala ukwakheka, umoya wawo wokuqala wawugcwele amagesi abanjwe yi-nebula yelanga. Lo moya wokuqala wawuhlanganisa i-hydrogen (H2) ne-helium (He), enenani elincane le-carbon dioxide (CO2), i-nitrogen (N2), i-methane (CH4), i-ammonia (NH3), kanye namanye amagesi amahle. Ngenxa yokuthi isisindo soMhlaba sasincane futhi izinga lokushisa laso laliphezulu kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi, iningi lamagesi alula, njenge-hydrogen ne-helium, labalekela emkhathini.
Umsebenzi omkhulu wentaba-mlilo woMhlaba omncane nawo wadlala indima enkulu ekwakhiweni kwalesi simo sokuqala. Lolu hlobo lwesenzakalo lwaziwa ngokuthi ukuqedwa kwegesi yentaba-mlilo, lapho amagesi afana ne-carbon dioxide, i-sulfur dioxide (SO2), kanye nomhwamuko wamanzi (H2O) akhishwa khona emoyeni.
Isikhathi Sesibili Somoya
Njengoba uMhlaba uphola, umsebenzi wezintaba-mlilo waqhubeka, wakhiqiza umoya wesibili. Eminyakeni engaba yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezine edlule, umoya woMhlaba wawuqukethe kakhulu i-carbon dioxide, umhwamuko wamanzi, i-methane, ne-ammonia. Lesi sikhathi sibalulekile ngoba umhwamuko wamanzi okhishwe waqala ukujiya futhi wakha izilwandle ngemva kokuba uMhlaba uphole ngokwanele ukuba amanzi ahlale esimweni soketshezi esizinzile.
Izazi ze-geology zikholelwa ukuthi izilwandle zokuqala zoMhlaba zadlala indima ebalulekile ekunciphiseni amazinga e-carbon dioxide asemkhathini. I-CO2 iyancibilika emanzini olwandle bese isabela namaminerali phansi kolwandle ukuze yakhe amatshe e-carbonate, njenge-calcium carbonate. Le nqubo yasiza ekunciphiseni inani le-CO2 emkhathini futhi yavumela izinga lokushisa lomhlaba ukuba lehle futhi lihlale lizinzile.
Ukuvela Kokuphila kanye Nomkhathi Onciphisayo
Eminyakeni engaba yizigidigidi ezingu-3,8 edlule, kwaqala ukuvela izimpawu zokuqala zokuphila kwamagciwane. I-Archaea namabhaktheriya, izinto eziphilayo ezilula ze-prokaryotic, zavela olwandle futhi zaqala ukushintsha ukusebenzisana kwamakhemikhali endawo ezikuyo. Ama-Methanogens, uhlobo lwe-archaea olukhipha i-methane njengomkhiqizo we-metabolism yazo, lwandisa amazinga e-methane emoyeni.
Lesi simo sahlala sisesimweni sokunciphisa kakhulu umoya-mpilo, futhi singenawo umoya-mpilo. Lokhu kwakungenxa yokuthi iningi lomoya-mpilo owakhishwa yi-photosynthesis yasekuqaleni lasabela ngqo ezintweni ezikungqimbeni loMhlaba kanye nolwandle, njengensimbi, ukuze kwakhiwe i-iron oxide.
Inguquko Yomoya-mpilo: Umcimbi Omkhulu Wokuxovwa Kwegazi
Olunye lwezinguquko ezibaluleke kakhulu emlandweni womkhathi woMhlaba lwenzeka ngesikhathi se-Late Precambrian, phakathi kweminyaka eyizigidigidi ezingu-2,5 nezingu-2,3 eyedlule, olwaziwa ngokuthi yi-Great Oxidation Event (GOE). Izinto eziphilayo ze-Photosynthetic, njenge-cyanobacteria, zaqala ukukhiqiza umoya-mpilo nge-photosynthesis.
Ekuqaleni, lokhu kwakhiqiza umoya-mpilo wasabela ngezinto ezitholakala kalula, njengensimbi nesibabule, olwandle. Lapho eziningi zalezi zinto sezitholakala kalula, umoya-mpilo waqala ukuqongelela emkhathini.
Imiphumela yalesi senzakalo yayijulile. Ukuqongelela komoya-mpilo emkhathini kwenza kwavela ungqimba lwe-ozone (O3), oluvikela ubuso boMhlaba emisebeni yelanga eyingozi ye-ultraviolet (UV). Ngaphezu kwalokho, umoya-mpilo uphinde wavumela ukuthuthukiswa kwe-biosphere eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, okuhlanganisa nokuphila kwe-aerobic okusebenza kahle kakhulu ekukhiqizeni amandla.
Isikhathi Se-Mesozoic kanye Nethonya Lemijikelezo Ye-Biogeochemical
Kuyo yonke iNkathi yeMesozoic (eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-252 kuya kwezingu-66 eyedlule), umjikelezo we-carbon dioxide wadlala indima ebalulekile ekulawuleni izinga lokushisa lomoya kanye nokwakheka kwawo. Lesi sikhathi sasihlanganisa ukuqhuma kokuphila kanye nokuqothulwa okukhulu okwathinta inani nezinhlobo zezitshalo nezilwane, okwashintsha ukwakheka komkhathi.
Imijikelezo ye-biogeochemical, njengomjikelezo wekhabhoni, iqhutshwa yizitshalo, izilwandle, namadwala, okuthonya ukuguquguquka kwesikhashana kokugcwala kwe-oxygen ne-carbon dioxide. Isibonelo, ngesikhathi seCretaceous, ukwanda komsebenzi we-tectonic kwabangela ukususwa kwegesi yentaba-mlilo, okwakhipha i-CO2 futhi kwafudumeza isimo sezulu somhlaba wonke.
I-Eocene ne-Carbon Dioxide
Cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-56 kuya kwezingama-33,9 edlule, uMhlaba wangena eNkathini yeCenozoic, ikakhulukazi i-Eocene Epoch. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, amazinga okushisa omhlaba afinyelela esicongweni ku-Early Eocene, isikhathi esaziwa ngokuthi i-Eocene Thermal Maximum. Amazinga aphezulu e-CO2 abangela ukwanda okukhulu kwamazinga okushisa omhlaba.
Izitshalo nezilwane zajwayelana nalezi zimo ezifudumele. Kodwa-ke, ngasekupheleni kwe-Eocene, amazinga e-CO2 aqala ukwehla, okwaholela ekupholeni kancane kancane komhlaba kanye nokuqala kwenkathi yeqhwa ye-Oligocene.
Isimo Sesimanje kanye Nomthelela Womuntu
Eminyakeni engamakhulu ambalwa edlule, futhi ikakhulukazi kusukela kuNguquko Yezimboni, imisebenzi yabantu ilethe izinguquko ezinkulu ekwakhekeni komkhathi woMhlaba. Ukushiswa kwamafutha angaphansi komhlaba kukhipha inani elikhulu le-carbon dioxide, i-methane, nezinye izinhlayiya emkhathini, okusheshisa ukufudumala komhlaba.
Ucwaningo lubonisa ubudlelwano obuqinile phakathi kokwanda kokukhishwa kwamagesi okushisa okushisa kanye nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, okuhlanganisa ukwanda kwezehlakalo zesimo sezulu esibi kakhulu, ukuncibilika kweqhwa, ukukhuphuka kwamazinga olwandle, kanye nokushintsha kwamaphethini emvula.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, imisebenzi yabantu nayo ithinta imijikelezo ye-nitrogen ne-sulfur ngokusebenzisa umanyolo, ukushiswa kukaphethiloli, kanye nokugawulwa kwamahlathi. Izenzakalo ezifana nemvula ene-asidi kanye nokuqothulwa kwezitshalo emanzini kuwubufakazi obuqondile bale miphumela.
I-Penutup
Umlando wokuziphendukela kwemvelo womkhathi woMhlaba uyindaba eyinkimbinkimbi yokuxhumana phakathi kwe-geosphere, i-biosphere, i-hydrosphere, kanye nomkhathi ngokwawo. Kusukela emkhathini wokuqala, ongenawo umoya-mpilo kuya emoyeni ocebile umoya-mpilo osekela impilo eyinkimbinkimbi, isigaba ngasinye ekuziphendukeleni kwemvelo koMhlaba sibonisa ibhalansi eguquguqukayo phakathi kwezinto zemvelo, kanye nethonya lomuntu emakhulwini eminyaka amuva nje. Ukuqonda umlando womkhathi woMhlaba akukhona nje ukuqonda isikhathi esidlule seplanethi yethu, kodwa futhi kunikeza ulwazi olubalulekile lokuvikela izimo zethu zemvelo zamanje nezesikhathi esizayo.
