Izinzuzo Zokuqonda Imishini Yamadwala
I-Rock mechanics igatsha lesayensi elifunda ukuziphatha kwamatshe lapho ecindezelwa, ecindezelwa, ecindezelekile, noma eshintsha izimo zemvelo. Ixoxa ngendlela amatshe angaphuka ngayo, awe, aguquguquke, noma ahlale eqinile ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Kwabaningi, leli gama lizwakala linobuchwepheshe obukhulu futhi lifana namaphrojekthi okumba noma okufaka imihubhe. Kodwa-ke, ukuqonda i-rock mechanics kunezinzuzo ezinkulu: kusukela ekuphepheni nasekusebenziseni kahle izindleko kuya ekuhleleni ukwakhiwa kanye nokunciphisa izinhlekelele. Lesi sihloko sixoxa ngezinzuzo ezahlukene zokuqonda i-rock mechanics, kokubili emhlabeni wobunjiniyela kanye nasemphakathini jikelele.
1. Thuthukisa ukuphepha kumaphrojekthi okwakha
Enye yezinzuzo ezinkulu zokuqonda ubuchwepheshe bamatshe ukuthuthuka kokuphepha kwendawo yokusebenza kanye nomphakathi. Amaphrojekthi ahlukahlukene engqalasizinda, njengemigudu, imigwaqo yezintaba, amadamu, izisekelo zokwakha ezinezitezi eziningi, ngisho nemizila yesitimela ezindaweni ezinamagquma, athembele kakhulu ekuzinzeni kwedwala elizungezile. Izintaba ezibonakala ziqinile zingawa lapho amandla okusika edlula amandla edwala, ikakhulukazi lapho kukhona ukungaqhubeki okufana namalunga, amaphutha, noma izindiza zokulala.
Besebenzisa onjiniyela bedwala, onjiniyela bangakwazi ukubala isici sokuphepha semithambeka noma imigodi engaphansi komhlaba, babikezele izindlela zokwehluleka (isb., ukwehluleka kwendiza, ukwehluleka kwe-wedge, noma ukuwa kwamatshe), futhi banqume izindlela ezifanele zokuzinzisa. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ukufaka amabhawodi amatshe, i-shotcrete, i-wire mesh, i-drainage, noma ukuqinisa ngezakhiwo zokugcina. Ngaphandle kwalokhu kuqonda, ingozi yezingozi zomsebenzi kanye nomonakalo wengqalasizinda iyanda kakhulu.
2. Siza ekuhleleni izimayini okuphephile nokunezithelo kakhudlwana
Embonini yezimayini, ubuchwepheshe bamatshe buyisisekelo sokuklama i-geometry yezimayini ezivulekile nezingaphansi komhlaba. Ezimayini ezivulekile, ama-engeli okuthambeka kumele alungiswe ukuze angabi ajulile kakhulu, anciphise izindawo zokugcina izimayini, noma aqine kakhulu, okubangela ukudilika komhlaba okukhulu. Ezimayini ezingaphansi komhlaba, ukwakheka kwezinsika, izisekelo, kanye nezimbobo kumele kucabangele ukucindezeleka kwendawo, ikhwalithi yamatshe, kanye namathuba okuwa kophahla noma udonga.
Ukuqonda indlela yokulungisa amatshe kusiza futhi ekunqumeni ukulandelana kokumba okunciphisa izinguquko zokucindezeleka ezingazelelwe. Ngomklamo ofanele, imisebenzi yokumba iba nempumelelo kakhulu, izindleko zokulungisa ziyancishiswa, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, ukuphepha kwabasebenzi kuyaqinisekiswa.
3. Londoloza izindleko zephrojekthi ngokuklama okufanele
Amaphutha ekuhloleni izimo zamadwala angaholela ekukhuphukeni kwezindleko. Isibonelo, umhubhe owaklanywa ekuqaleni ngokusekelwa okuncane ungagcina udlule ezindaweni zamadwala ezibuthakathaka noma eziqhekekile, okudinga ukwelashwa okwengeziwe okubizayo nokuthatha isikhathi. Isimo esifanayo senzeka ngamaphrojekthi esisekelo: uma idwala elingaphansi lingaqondakali kahle, isisekelo singase sihlangane nokuqina noma ukuqhekeka ngenxa yokuguquka kwedwala.
Ubuchwepheshe be-Rock buvumela ukuhlela "okufanelekile" komklamo: hhayi ngokweqile kodwa kuphephile ngokwanele. Ngokuqonda amapharamitha anjenge-uniaxial compressive strength (UCS), ukuhlangana, i-angle of internal friction, i-modulus of elasticity, kanye nezimo zokungaqhubeki, abaklami banganquma ikhambi elisebenza kahle kakhulu. Umphumela uba amaphrojekthi asebenza ngesikhathi, angabizi kakhulu, futhi anempilo yesevisi ende.
4. Ukusekela ukuthuthukiswa kwengqalasizinda ezindaweni ezisengozini yezinhlekelele
I-Indonesia iyizwe elinokwakheka komhlaba okuyinkimbinkimbi, izintaba ezinde, kanye nomsebenzi ophezulu we-tectonic. Izindawo eziningi zivame ukuguguleka komhlaba, ukudilika kwamadwala, kanye nokuguquguquka kwemithambeka. Ukuqonda indlela amadwala asebenza ngayo kusiza ekunciphiseni izingozi ze-geological ngokusebenzisa imephu yezingozi kanye nezincomo zokuqinisa imithambeka.
Isibonelo, lapho kwakhiwa umgwaqo endaweni enamagquma, imishini yamadwala isetshenziswa ukuhlola ukuthi umthambeka osikiwe uzozinza yini ngesikhathi semvula. Amanzi anganciphisa amandla okusika ezindaweni zokuqhekeka futhi andise ukucindezela kwemigodi, okwandisa amathuba okuhluleka komthambeka. Ngalokhu kuqonda, ukwakheka okuhle kokukhipha amanzi kuba yingxenye ebalulekile, hhayi nje into eyengeziwe.
5. Yiba yisisekelo somklamo wesikhala esingaphansi komhlaba kanye nomhubhe
Isidingo sesikhala esingaphansi komhlaba siyanda ngokukhula kwamadolobha, isibonelo ama-MRT, imigudu yomgwaqo, izinsizakusebenza, kanye nendawo yokugcina izinto. Ngokungafani nenhlabathi, idwala ngokuvamile linamandla, kodwa liletha izinselele ezifana nokuqhekeka kanye nokwehluka okuyinkimbinkimbi kwesisindo samatshe. Ekwakhiweni kwemigudu, imishini yamatshe isiza ekunqumeni isigaba sesisindo samatshe (isb., nge-RMR noma i-Q-System), ukubikezela ukuguquka, nokukhetha izindlela ezifanele zokumba kanye nokusekela.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwakheka kwamatshe kubalulekile futhi ukulawula izingozi ezifana nokuqhuma kwamatshe (ukuqhuma kwamatshe ngenxa yokukhululwa kwamandla lapho ecindezeleke kakhulu) ekujuleni okukhulu, noma ukuwa kwamatshe ezindaweni eziqhekekile kakhulu.
6. Sekela ukuphathwa kwamandla kanye nezinsizakusebenza zangaphansi komhlaba
Ubuchwepheshe be-rock mechanics budlala indima ebalulekile kumaphrojekthi wamandla nezinsizakusebenza ngaphansi komhlaba, njengokushisa komhlaba, uwoyela negesi, isitoreji se-carbon dioxide (CCS), kanye nesitoreji segesi noma i-hydrogen. Ekubhobheni, ukuqonda ukucindezeleka namandla amatshe kusiza ukuvimbela izinkinga ezifana nokungazinzi kwe-wellbore noma ukulahlekelwa ukujikeleza koketshezi.
Ku-geothermal kanye ne-CCS, umjovo woketshezi ungashintsha ingcindezi ye-pore futhi ubangele ukuqhekeka noma ngisho nokuzamazama okubangelwa yizinto. Imishini yedwala isetshenziselwa ukuklama ingcindezi yomjovo ephephile, ukubikezela ukuvulwa kokuqhekeka, kanye nokuphatha izingozi zemvelo.
7. Qinisa amakhono okuhlaziya nokwenza izinqumo
Ubuchwepheshe be-rock mechanics abugcini nje ngokuphathelene namafomula, kodwa futhi nokucabanga okuhlelekile. Labo abakuqondayo bavame ukuhlonyiswa kangcono ukuhlaziya idatha yasensimini, ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwezimo "zedwala eliphelele" kanye "nezimo zedwala", futhi baqonde ukuthi ukungaqiniseki kuyingxenye yobunjiniyela be-geological. Lokhu kuwusizo ekwenzeni izinqumo, ikakhulukazi uma ubhekene nedatha engaphelele noma izimo ze-geological ezishintshayo.
Empeleni, omakhenika bamadwala bafundisa ukubaluleka kokubuka insimu: ukuqondiswa okuhlangene, amazinga okuguquka kwesimo sezulu, izimo zamanzi angaphansi komhlaba, kanye nekhwalithi yokuma kwemephu yejiyoloji. Izinqumo ezinhle zivela ekuhlanganisweni kwezibalo zobuchwepheshe, ulwazi, kanye nokuchazwa kwejiyoloji.
8. Thuthukisa ikhwalithi yemfundo kanye nokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe
Ukuqonda imishini yedwala nakho kunegalelo ekuthuthukisweni kobuchwepheshe, okuhlanganisa ukumodela ngezinombolo (isb., izindlela ze-finite element kanye ne-discrete element), ukuqapha ukuzinza kwe-slope ngezinsimbi ze-radar noma ze-geotechnical, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwedatha yenzwa ukuze kuxwayiswe kusenesikhathi. Kwezemfundo, imishini yedwala iqinisa ukuxhumana phakathi kwe-geology, i-physics, kanye nobunjiniyela, okwenza abafundi balungele kangcono ukubhekana nezinselele zalo mkhakha.
Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buthuthuka, ikhono lokuhlanganisa idatha yelabhorethri, idatha yasensimini, kanye nokumodela kwekhompyutha kuzoba yinto ebaluleke kakhulu. I-Rock mechanics iyisayensi eyisisekelo eyenza ukuhlanganiswa okunjalo kuzwakale futhi kuthembeke.
I-Penutup
Ukuqonda ubuchwepheshe bamatshe kunikeza izinzuzo ezibonakalayo ezindaweni eziningi: ukuthuthukisa ukuphepha, ukunciphisa izindleko, ukuthuthukisa umklamo, ukuqinisa ukunciphisa izinhlekelele, kanye nokusekela ukuphathwa kwezinsizakusebenza namandla. Ezweni elinokwakheka komhlaba okuguquguqukayo njenge-Indonesia, lolu lwazi alugcini nje ngokuba yingxenye yezemfundo noma imboni, kodwa luyingxenye ebalulekile yentuthuko esimeme nephephile. Ngobuchwepheshe bamatshe, sifunda ukufunda "ulimi" lwamatshe: lapho ezinzile, lapho esengozini, kanye nendlela yokuphatha imvelo ngendlela yesayensi neyomthwalo wemfanelo.
