Izici zamapuleti e-Convergent Tectonic
Kweze-geology kanye ne-geography, ukuqonda amandla oMhlaba kubalulekile ekuchazeni izenzakalo ezenzeka ebusweni boMhlaba. Umqondo owodwa obalulekile yi-theory ye-plate tectonics, eyaqala ukuphakanyiswa ngu-Alfred Wegener ngo-1912. Le thiyori ithi ungqimba loMhlaba luqukethe amapuleti amaningana amakhulu ahlala ehamba. Lokhu kuhamba kwepuleti kungaba okuhlukile, okuguquguqukayo, noma okuhlangene. Kulesi sihloko, sizogxila ezicini ze-convergent plate tectonics.
I-Convergent plate tectonics iyinto lapho amapuleti amabili esondelana, ashayisane, futhi asebenzisane. Lokhu kuxhumana akudali nje kuphela izici ezithakazelisayo ze-geological kodwa futhi kuveza ezinye zezenzakalo ezibhubhisa kakhulu ze-geological eMhlabeni, njengokuzamazama komhlaba nokuqhuma kwezintaba-mlilo. Kunezinhlobo ezintathu zezindawo ezihlanganayo: lezo eziphakathi kwamapuleti amabili e-continental, lezo eziphakathi kwepuleti le-continental nepuleti le-ocean, kanye nalezo eziphakathi kwamapuleti amabili e-ocean.
Indawo Yokuncishiswa
Uma ipuleti elilodwa lolwandle lihlangana nelinye ipuleti lezwekazi noma lolwandle, ukwehla kwesimo sezulu kuvame ukwenzeka. Lena inqubo lapho ipuleti elilodwa licindezelwa phansi liye esicongweni soMhlaba ngaphansi kwelinye ipuleti. Izindawo zokwehla kwesimo sezulu yilapho izinto eziwuqweqwe zidonswa khona zibuyele esicongweni.
– Amapuleti ase-Oceanic namapuleti ase-Continental:
Isibonelo, ukushayisana kwamapuleti eNazca naseNingizimu Melika ogwini olusentshonalanga yeNingizimu Melika kudale uMsele wasePeru-Chile. Lapha, ipuleti leNazca elisindayo lincishiswa ngaphansi kwepuleti laseNingizimu Melika, kwakha izintaba zase-Andes. Kulolu hlangothi oluncishisiwe, i-magma eyakheka ngokuncibilika kwezinto zamapuleti iqhuma phezulu, yakha uchungechunge lwezintaba-mlilo.
– Amapuleti ase-Oceanic namapuleti ase-Oceanic:
Lapho kuhlangana khona amapuleti amabili olwandle, ipuleti elilodwa livame ukuncibilika ngaphansi kwelinye, njengoba kwenzeka endaweni engaphansi kweMariana entshonalanga yePacific. Lokhu kudala umsele wolwandle ojulile kakhulu emhlabeni, iMariana Trench, kanye neziQhingi zaseMariana, ezakha umugqa wentaba-mlilo.
Izintaba kanye ne-Orogeny
Esinye sezici eziphawulekayo zokuhlangana kwamapuleti ukwakheka kwezintaba. Lapho amapuleti amabili ezwekazi eshayisana, awanciphi kalula, okubangela ukuba kuphakanyiswe izinqwaba ezinkulu zamatshe noqweqwe, kwakha izintaba eziphakeme kakhulu.
– AmaHimalaya:
Eminyakeni engaba yizigidi ezingama-50 edlule, ipuleti lase-Indo-Australian lashayisana nepuleti lase-Eurasia, kwakha amaHimalaya, aqhubeka nokukhula nanamuhla ngenxa yokusebenzisana okuhlangene. AmaHimalaya ayisibonelo esibi kakhulu sendlela amandla e-tectonic angadweba ngayo isimo soMhlaba ngezindlela ezinkulu kakhulu.
Umsebenzi Wokuzamazama Komhlaba kanye Nokugqashuka Kwentaba-mlilo
Ukuhlangana kwamapuleti e-tectonic nakho kudala inani elikhulu lomsebenzi wokuzamazama komhlaba. Njengoba la mapuleti ehamba, ayagudlana, okubangela ukuzamazama komhlaba. Kwezinye izindawo ezihlanganayo, njengasePacific Ring of Fire, i-convergence tectonics isebenza kakhulu, ikhiqiza ukuzamazama komhlaba okuningi kanye nokuqhuma kwezintaba-mlilo minyaka yonke.
- Ukuzamazama Komhlaba:
Ukuzamazama komhlaba kuvame ukwenzeka ezindaweni ezingaphansi komhlaba lapho ipuleti elingaphansi komhlaba liphuka noma lihamba ngokuzumayo. Isibonelo, ukuzamazama komhlaba kwe-Aceh ngo-2004 kanye nokuzamazama komhlaba okukhulu kweChile ngo-1960 kokubili kwabangelwa umsebenzi we-tectonic ezindaweni ezingaphansi komhlaba.
– Intaba-mlilo:
Izintaba-mlilo ezihlobene nokuhlangana kwamapuleti zinamandla kakhulu ezindaweni ezingaphansi komhlaba. Lapho ipuleti le-tectonic lolwandle licindezelwa ngaphansi kwelinye, ukucindezela okukhulu nokushisa kubangela ukuthi amatshe angaphezu kwepuleti elingaphansi komhlaba ancibilike futhi akhe i-magma. Le magma ibe isikhuphukela phezulu, okubangela ukuqhuma kwezintaba-mlilo. Izibonelo ezidumile zifaka phakathi iNtaba iKrakatoa e-Indonesia kanye neNtaba iFuji eJapane.
Indlela Yokwakheka Kwamatshe Namaminerali
Izindawo zokuhlangana nazo yilapho kwakheka khona amaminerali namatshe amaningi ayigugu. Ukucindezela okuphezulu kanye nokushisa ezindaweni ezingaphansi komhlaba kubangela ukuguquka kwesimo ngaphakathi kongqimba loMhlaba. Inani elikhulu lamaminerali, njengegolide, ithusi, namadayimane, litholakala kulezi zindawo.
- Amadwala e-Metamorphic:
Kokubili ukucindezela okuphezulu kanye nokushisa kule ndawo yokuhlangana kubangela ukwakheka kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zamadwala aguqukayo, njenge-schist kanye ne-gneiss.
– Ukwakheka Kwamaminerali:
Ngaphezu kwamadwala, ingcindezi nokushisa nakho kubangela ukuthi amaminerali anyakaze futhi agxile, kwakha amadiphozithi abalulekile. Isibonelo, umsebenzi omkhulu we-magmatic ezindaweni zokuhlangana ungaholela ekwakhekeni kwezidleke zamaminerali anjengesibabule nethusi.
Imiphumela Yezemvelo Nezenhlalo
Ngaphandle kokukhiqiza izinhlobo eziningi ezimangalisayo ze-geological, imisebenzi ezindaweni ezihlangene nayo inomthelela omkhulu emvelweni nasemphakathini.
- Ukubhujiswa kanye Nezinhlekelele Zemvelo:
Ukuzamazama komhlaba, ama-tsunami, nokuqhuma kwezintaba-mlilo kulezi zindawo kuvame ukubangela umonakalo omkhulu engqalasizinda, izindlela zokuphila, kanye nomnotho. Isibonelo, ukuqhuma kweNtaba iTambora ngo-1815 kwabangela "Unyaka Ongenahlobo," okwathinta isimo sezulu somhlaba wonke futhi kwaholela endlaleni ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba.
- Ukuvunda kwenhlabathi:
Nakuba zibhubhisa, izintaba-mlilo ezindaweni ezihlanganayo zingenza inhlabathi ezungezile ivunde kakhulu, njengoba izinto zentaba-mlilo ezikhishwa ngesikhathi sokuqhuma ziqukethe amaminerali amaningi awusizo kwezolimo. Amazwe afana ne-Indonesia nePhilippines, atholakala eduze kwePacific Ring of Fire, anenhlabathi evundile kakhulu ngenxa yomsebenzi omkhulu wezintaba-mlilo.
Isiphetho
Izici zamapuleti e-tectonic ahlanganayo zibonisa izinhlobonhlobo zezenzakalo zoMhlaba eziguquguqukayo kakhulu nezingaqiniseki. Kusukela ekwakhekeni kwezintaba eziphakeme njengezintaba zaseHimalaya kuya ezinhlekeleleni zemvelo ezibhubhisayo njengokuzamazama komhlaba nokuqhuma kwezintaba-mlilo, izindawo ezihlanganayo zidlala indima ebalulekile ekwakheni indawo yoMhlaba kanye nokuphila kwabantu. Ukuqonda ukuguquguquka kwamapuleti ahlanganayo kubalulekile hhayi kososayensi kuphela kodwa nasemiphakathini ehlala ezindaweni ezisengozini, njengoba lolu lwazi lunganikeza isisekelo sokunciphisa izinhlekelele kanye nokuhlela intuthuko engcono.
