Indlela Okwakhiwe Ngayo Uqweqwe Lomhlaba
Ungqimba loMhlaba luyingqimba engaphandle kakhulu yesakhiwo seplanethi yethu, eyakhiwe izakhi zamakhemikhali namaminerali ahlukahlukene. Ukwakheka kongqimba loMhlaba kuyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi neguquguqukayo ehilela izindlela ezahlukene ze-geological. Ukuze siqonde ukuthi ungqimba loMhlaba lwakheka kanjani, sidinga ukulandelela umlando woMhlaba emuva ezigidigidini zeminyaka futhi sifunde izinqubo ezahlukene ze-geological ezaba negalelo ekwakhekeni kwalolu ngqimba oluqinile.
Inqubo Yokuqala Yokwakheka Komhlaba
Ukwakheka koqweqwe loMhlaba kuxhumene ngokungenakuhlukaniswa nokwakheka kweplanethi enguMhlaba uqobo. Cishe eminyakeni eyizigidigidi ezingu-4,6 edlule, isimiso sethu selanga sakhiwa ngefu elikhulu legesi nothuli olubizwa ngokuthi i-solar nebula. Ngenqubo eyaziwa ngokuthi i-accretion, izinhlayiya ezingaphakathi kwale nebula zaqala ukuheha nokuhlangana, zakha amaplanethi—izinto ezincane, ezinamatshe ezagcina zakha amaplanethi.
Ngesikhathi uMhlaba usungulwa, wabhekana nesigaba esishisayo kakhulu samaplanethi. Kulesi sigaba, uMhlaba wawuyibhola elikhulu lezinto ezibonakalayo, elifudunyezwa ukuqongelela kwamandla e-kinetic avela ekushayisaneni kwezinhlayiya kanye nokubola kwe-radioactive kwezinto zawo. Izinto ezisindayo, njengensimbi ne-nickel, zaqala ukucwila phakathi, ekugcineni zakha umongo woMhlaba. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, izinto ezilula, njenge-silicates, zaphakama zaya phezulu ukuze zakhe i-mantle kanye noqweqwe lwakuqala.
Ukwehlukaniswa Kweplanethi: Ukwakheka Kwezingqimba Zezwe
Njengoba uMhlaba uqala ukuphola, kwavela ukuhlukahluka kwamakhemikhali, lapho izakhi kanye nama-compounds aqala ukuhlukana ngokusekelwe ekubuneni kwawo kanye nokuhlobana kwamakhemikhali. Ngemva kokuba i-core kanye ne-mantle zakheke, uqweqwe lokuqala lwaqala ukwakheka kusuka ku-magma ephola futhi yaqina ebusweni noma eduze kwayo.
Isigaba sokuqala sokwakheka koqweqwe lwamanzi saziwa ngokuthi i-Hadean Eon, esaqhubeka kusukela ekwakhekeni koMhlaba kuze kube yiminyaka eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezine edlule. Ngesikhathi se-Hadean, uqweqwe loMhlaba lwalunamandla kakhulu futhi lwaluvame ukubhujiswa yizinqubo zokwakheka komhlaba ezinobudlova nezinamandla. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, uqweqwe loMhlaba lwaluqukethe ikakhulukazi uqweqwe oluncane, oluyi-basaltic oceanic.
Ukwakheka Koqweqwe Lwase-Continental
Ukwakheka koqweqwe lwezwekazi kuyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi futhi ehamba kancane kuneyoqweqwe lolwandle. Kwenzeka ngemva kokuqhekeka kwezakhi zofuzo kanye nokupholisa okwanele ukuvumela ukwakheka kwamazwekazi ahlala njalo. Le nqubo yenzeka ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi se-Archean Eon, kusukela eminyakeni ecishe ibe yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezine kuya kweziyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezimbili nesigamu eyedlule, lapho uqweqwe loMhlaba kanye ne-mantle kwashintsha kakhulu isakhiwo kanye nokwakheka kwawo.
Uqweqwe lwezwekazi lwakhiwa ngezindlela ezahlukene, enye yazo okuyi-plate tectonics, ehilela ukunyakaza kanye nokusebenzisana phakathi kwama-tectonic plates oqweqweni loMhlaba. Njengoba ama-tectonic plates ehamba, angadlula ngaphansi kohlelo, lapho i-plate esindayo ishelela ngaphansi kwe-plate elula, okwenza izinto zixubane futhi zincibilike, bese ziphakama zibe ngaphezu komhlaba njenge-magma. Le magma ibe isibanda bese yakha uqweqwe lwezwekazi olucebile nge-granite.
I-Plate Tectonics kanye nokuvuselelwa kwe-Crustal
I-tectonics yamapuleti idlala indima ebalulekile ekwakhiweni nasekugcinweni koqweqwe loMhlaba. Uqweqwe loMhlaba alumile; luhlala luvuselelwa futhi luguqulwa ngokuhamba kwamapuleti e-tectonic. Kunezinhlobo eziningana zemingcele yamapuleti emhlabeni wonke, ngayinye ine-dynamics yayo eyingqayizivele kanye nomsebenzi wayo we-geological.
1. Imingcele Ehlukene: Kwenzeka lapho amapuleti amabili eqhela komunye nomunye. Le nqubo ivame ukutholakala ezindaweni ezisogwini lolwandle, lapho i-magma evela ku-mantle iphakama khona iye phezulu, iphole, futhi yengeze izinto ezintsha oqweqweni lolwandle.
2. Imingcele Ehlanganayo: Kwenzeka lapho amapuleti amabili eshayisana. Ipuleti elilodwa lizodlula elinye, okubangela ukuncibilika nokuncibilika kwezinto ezizokwakha i-magma entsha ekhuphukela phezulu futhi isize ekwakheni ungqimba lwezwekazi.
3. Guqula Imingcele: Kwenzeka lapho amapuleti amabili ehamba ngokuvundlile edlula komunye nomunye. Lolu hlobo lomngcele aludali izinto ezintsha, kodwa lubangela umsebenzi omkhulu wokuzamazama komhlaba.
Izinto Zokwakha Uqweqwe Lomhlaba
Ungqimba loMhlaba luqukethe izinhlobo ezahlukene zamadwala, ngalinye lakhiwa ngezinqubo ezithile ze-geological. Ngokusekelwe ekwakhekeni kwalo, ungqimba loMhlaba lungahlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko: ungqimba lolwandle kanye nongqimba lwezwekazi.
1. Uqweqwe lwe-Oceanic: Lwakhiwe kakhulu ngamatshe e-basalt, akhiwa ukupholisa kwe-magma phansi kolwandle. Uqweqwe lwe-oceanic luvame ukuba luncane futhi lube luqinile kunoqweqwe lwezwekazi.
2. Uqweqwe lwezwekazi: Lokhu kukhulu futhi kuqukethe amatshe e-granite akhiwe ngokupholisa kwe-magma ngaphakathi koqweqwe loMhlaba. Uqweqwe lwezwekazi nalo ludala futhi luyinkimbinkimbi ngokwakheka nangesakhiwo kune-oceanic crust.
Amatshe amakhulu akha ungqimba lomhlaba ahlukaniswe ngezigaba ezintathu ngokusekelwe enkambisweni yokwakheka kwawo, okungukuthi:
1. Amatshe acwebezelayo: Akhiwe ngokupholisa kanye nokwakheka kwe-magma noma i-lava. Izibonelo zifaka phakathi i-granite ne-basalt.
2. Amatshe agcwele inhlabathi: Akhiwe ngokucindezelwa nokucindezelwa kwezinhlayiya ezithathwe kwamanye amatshe noma izinto eziphilayo. Izibonelo zifaka phakathi i-limestone kanye ne-sandstone.
3. Amatshe e-Metamorphic: Akhiwe ngokuguqulwa kwamatshe akhona kakade ngenxa yokucindezela okuphezulu kanye namazinga okushisa emkhathini woMhlaba. Izibonelo zifaka phakathi imabula kanye ne-schist.
Ukuguguleka Kwenhlabathi Nomjikelezo Wokugcinwa Koqweqwe Lomhlaba
Uma uqweqwe lwakhekile, aluhlali lunjalo unomphela. Izinqubo zokuguguleka nokubekwa komhlaba zidlala indima ebalulekile ekushintsheni nasekuvuseleleni uqweqwe loMhlaba. Ukuguguleka kwenzeka ngenxa yezici ezahlukahlukene, njengomoya, amanzi, neqhwa, okuphula kancane kancane izinto zamatshe ebusweni. Lezi zinto ezigugulekile zibe seziphinde zibekwe futhi zingakha amatshe amasha angaphansi komhlaba.
Ngaphezu kokuguguleka komhlabathi, imijikelezo ye-tectonic nayo iyaqhubeka nokudlala indima ebalulekile. Amapuleti e-tectonic acwiliswe emanzini ayancibilika e-mantle, bese lokhu kungaphakanyiswa phezulu ngomsebenzi wentaba-mlilo noma ezinye izinqubo ze-tectonic. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi ungqimba loMhlaba luyisimiso esishintsha njalo.
Isiphetho
Ungqimba loMhlaba luwumphumela wenqubo ende neyinkimbinkimbi ehilela ukuqongelela kwezinto ngokuhlanganiswa, ukuhlukaniswa kwamakhemikhali, umsebenzi we-tectonic wepuleti, kanye nokuguguleka. Lezi zinqubo azigcini nje ngokwakha kodwa futhi zivuselela ungqimba kulo lonke umlando we-geological weplanethi yethu. Ucwaningo luyaqhubeka nokuqonda lezi zinguquko, njengoba ukuqonda ungqimba loMhlaba kunikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile ngemvelaphi kanye nokuvela kweplanethi yethu kanye nezinsizakusebenza eziningi zemvelo esingazisebenzisa.
