Iyini i-Geomorphology kanye nezifundo zayo ezincane?
I-Geomorphology igatsha lesayensi yomhlaba elifunda izinhlobo zobuso bomhlaba (izinhlobo zomhlaba), izinqubo ezizibumbayo, kanye nezinguquko ezenzeka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Cabanga ngezintaba, izigodi zemifula, ugu lolwandle, amathafa anezikhukhula, ngisho nezindunduma zasehlane; konke kuyizinto zokutadisha i-geomorphology. Le sayensi isendaweni yokuhlangana kwe-physical geography, i-geology, i-hydrology, i-climatology, ngisho ne-ecology, njengoba ukwakheka kanye nokuvela kwezinhlobo zomhlaba kuhlale kuhilela ukusebenzisana okuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwezinto zamatshe, amanzi, umoya, iqhwa, amandla adonsela phansi, kanye nemisebenzi yabantu.
Ngamazwi alula, i-geomorphology izama ukuphendula imibuzo emithathu emikhulu: (1) yiziphi izindawo esizibonayo namuhla, (2) yiziphi izinqubo ezizibumbile, kanye (3) ukuthi lezo zindawo zishintshe kanjani esikhathini esidlule futhi zizoshintsha kanjani esikhathini esizayo. Lolu lwazi lubalulekile ekuqondeni izingozi zezinhlekelele (izikhukhula, ukudilika komhlaba, ukuguguleka), ukuphathwa kogu kanye nogu lwamanzi, ukuhlela indawo, ukuhlola izinsiza, kanye nokulondolozwa kwemvelo.
Ububanzi be-Geomorphology
Ububanzi be-geomorphology buhlanganisa ukuhlaziywa kwezinhlobo zomhlaba (i-morphology), izinto eziyingxenye (i-lithology), izakhiwo ze-geological (isb., amaphutha kanye nokugoba), kanye nokuguquguquka kwezinqubo zomphezulu. Izazi ze-geomorphology zivame ukumaka izinhlobo zomhlaba, zilinganise i-gradients yemithambeka, zihlaziye amaphethini okugeleza komfula, zihumushe umlando wokuphakama kwe-tectonic, futhi zibale amazinga okuguguleka komhlaba kanye nodaka. Izindlela ezisetshenziswayo ziyahlukahluka, kusukela ekubukeni kwensimu kanye nokuchazwa kwesithombe sesathelayithi kuya kumephu ye-GIS kanye nomodeli wezinombolo, kuya ekulinganisweni kwe-geological (isb., ukulinganiswa kwe-radiocarbon noma ukukhanya) ukuze kunqunywe ubudala bedaka.
Empeleni, i-geomorphology igcizelela nobudlelwano phakathi kwezikali zendawo nezesikhathi. Ezinye izinqubo ziyashesha, njengokudilika komhlaba, okwenzeka ngemizuzu noma amahora, kanti ezinye zihamba kancane, njengokuguguleka kwamatshe noma ukuguguleka kwezintaba, okungathatha izinkulungwane noma ngisho nezigidi zeminyaka. Ukuqonda lezi zikali kusiza ososayensi nabahleli besifunda ukuba benze izinqumo ezinolwazi oluthe xaxa.
Imiqondo Eyisisekelo: Izinqubo Ezingenazo Izinto Eziphilayo Nezangaphandle
Ngokuvamile, izimo zomhlaba zingahlukaniswa zibe izinqubo zangaphakathi nezangaphandle. Izinqubo zangaphandle zivela ngaphakathi koMhlaba, ikakhulukazi i-tectonics kanye ne-volcanism, ezakha izintaba, ama-plateau, kanye nezakhiwo zamaphutha. Izinqubo zangaphandle zisebenza phezu komhlaba, njengokuguguleka komhlaba, ukuguguleka komhlaba, ukuthuthwa kwenhlabathi, kanye nokubekwa kwamanzi, umoya, amagagasi, noma iqhwa. Izakhiwo zomhlaba esizibonayo ziwumphumela "wokudonswa kwempi" okuqhubekayo phakathi kokuphakanyiswa yi-tectonics kanye nokusila (ukuncishiswa komhlaba) yizinqubo zangaphandle.
Isigaba Esingaphansi Kwe-Geomorphology
I-geomorphology isithuthuke yaba yimikhakha eminingana egxile ezintweni ezithile zokwakha, izindawo ezithile, noma izindlela ezithile. Lezi yimikhakha eyinhloko evame ukufundwa.
1. I-Fluvial Geomorphology (Imifula)
I-geomorphology ye-fluvial ihlola izimo zomhlaba ezakhiwe ukugeleza kwemifula, okuhlanganisa imifula ngokwayo, izindawo ezigcwele amanzi, ama-terrace emifula, ama-delta, kanye nama-alluvial fans. Izinqubo ezibalulekile ezinhlelweni ze-fluvial ukuguguleka komhlabathi, ukuthuthwa kwe-sediment, kanye ne-sedimentation. Imifula ingaba yi-wraandering, i-ruited, noma iqonde, kuye ngokuthi i-slope ingakanani, iphuma kanjani, kanye nokutholakala kwe-sediment.
Izifundo ze-fluvial zibalulekile ekuphathweni kwezikhukhula, ukwakhiwa kwengqalasizinda yamabhuloho, ukulawulwa kokuthuthwa kwenhlabathi, kanye nokuvuselelwa kwemifula. Isibonelo, izinguquko ekusetshenzisweni komhlaba enhla komfula zingandisa ukuguguleka komhlaba, okubangela ukuthi inhlabathi iqoqeke phansi komfula, okwandisa ingozi yezikhukhula.
2. I-Geomorphology Yasogwini
Lesi sigaba esincane sihlola izimo zomhlaba ezindaweni ezisogwini ezithonywa amagagasi, imisinga, amagagasi, kanye nokwenyuka kwezinga lolwandle. Izindawo zomhlaba ogwini zifaka phakathi amabhishi anesihlabathi, amawa, ama-spits, ama-tombolos, ama-lagoons, amagquma asogwini, ama-mangrove, kanye nama-widal flats.
Izinkinga ezibalulekile ku-geomorphology yogu lolwandle zifaka phakathi ukuguguleka nokukhula (ukwengezwa komhlaba), imiphumela yentuthuko (amachweba, ukulungiswa komhlaba), kanye nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, okubangela ukwenyuka kwezinga lolwandle futhi kwandisa ingozi yezikhukhula. Ezindaweni eziningi, ukuqonda i-geomorphology yogu lolwandle kwakha isisekelo sokuhlela ibhande eliluhlaza, ukuvikelwa kogu lolwandle, kanye nokunqunywa kwezindawo eziphephile zokuthuthukiswa.
3. I-Aeolian (Umoya) Geomorphology
I-geomorphology ye-Aeolian ifunda izinqubo kanye nokwakheka komhlaba okubunjwe umoya, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezomile (ogwadule) noma ezindaweni ezisogwini olunesihlabathi. Izinqubo eziyinhloko ukwehla kwamanzi (ukuphakamisa izinhlayiya ezincane), ukuhuzuka ngesihlabathi esivunguzayo, kanye nokufakwa kwesihlabathi, okwakha izindunduma.
Izimo zendunduma yesihlabathi ziyahlukahluka, kufaka phakathi i-barchan, i-parabolic, i-linear, kanye ne-star-shape, ngayinye ithonywa yisiqondiso somoya, okuqukethwe kwesihlabathi, kanye nezitshalo. Izifundo ze-Aeolian nazo zibalulekile ekunciphiseni iziphepho zothuli, ukulawula ukunyakaza kwesihlabathi okungaphazamisa izindawo zokuhlala noma umhlaba wezolimo, kanye nokuhumusha isimo sezulu esidlule kusuka emigodini yesihlabathi.
4. I-Geomorphology Yeqhwa Nezindawo Ezizungezile
I-Glacial geomorphology ihlola izimo zomhlaba ezakhiwe yiqhwa/iziqongo zeqhwa, njengezigodi ezimise okwe-U, i-morenae, ama-drumlin, kanye nama-fjords. Nakuba iziqongo zeqhwa zanamuhla zigcinwe ezindaweni ezibandayo nasezintabeni eziphakeme, iminonjana yeziqongo zeqhwa zangaphambilini isakazeke kabanzi futhi inikeza izinkomba ezibalulekile emlandweni wesimo sezulu soMhlaba.
Okwamanje, i-periglacial geomorphology ihlola izinqubo ezindaweni ezibandayo ezingamboziwe yiqhwa elihlala njalo kodwa ezibhekana nokubanda okukhulu nokuncibilika, njengokwakheka komhlabathi onamaphethini, ukuncibilika, kanye nomonakalo wethambeka obangelwa ukuphakama kweqhwa. Lokhu kuqonda kubalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwengqalasizinda ezindaweni ezine-latitude ephezulu ezithintwe yi-permafrost.
5. I-Karst Geomorphology
I-Karst geomorphology ifunda ngesimo sezwe esakhiwe ukuncibilika kwamatshe ancibilikayo njenge-limestone, i-dolomite, noma i-gypsum. Izici ezijwayelekile ze-karst zifaka phakathi imihume, imigodi yokucwila, imigodi yokucwila, imifula engaphansi komhlaba, kanye nemibhoshongo ye-karst.
I-Karst ibalulekile emithonjeni yamanzi ngoba izindawo eziningi ze-karst ziqukethe ama-aquifer amakhulu, kodwa futhi isengozini yokungcoliswa ngoba amanzi ageleza ngokushesha ngaphandle kokuhlungwa kwenhlabathi okwanele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingozi yokudilika komhlaba (imigodi yokucwila) iyinkinga ekuhleleni izindawo zokuhlala kanye nengqalasizinda.
6. I-Geomorphology Yentaba-mlilo
Lesi sigaba esincane sigxile ezimweni zomhlaba ezakhiwe umsebenzi wezintaba-mlilo, njengezikhoni zezintaba-mlilo, ama-caldera, ama-lava domes, amathafa e-lava, kanye nama-pyroclastic deposits. Izinqubo zezintaba-mlilo zingayishintsha ngokushesha i-topography, kodwa futhi zihambisana nokuguguleka komhlaba kanye nezinqubo zokuguquka kwesimo sezulu ezidala amaphethini ahlukile okuthambeka.
I-geomorphology yezintaba-mlilo inendima ebalulekile ekunciphiseni izinhlekelele zezintaba-mlilo, isibonelo ukumaka izindlela zokugeleza kwe-lava, ama-lahar, namafu ashisayo, kanye nokuhlonza izindawo ezisele ukuze kulinganiswe izingozi ezingaba khona esikhathini esizayo.
7. I-Geomorphology Yesakhiwo Ne-Tectonic
I-geomorphology yesakhiwo igcizelela ithonya lezakhiwo ze-geological (amaphutha, ukugoba, amadwala aqinile-athambile) ezimweni zomhlaba. I-geomorphology ye-tectonic ihlola ngqo ukuthi ukunyakaza kwe-crustal (ukuphakamisa, ukwehla) kubumba kanjani ukukhululeka futhi kuthonye imifula, ama-terrace, kanye namaphethini okukhipha amanzi.
Izifundo ze-Tectonic-geomorphological zivame ukusetshenziselwa ukuhlola umsebenzi wamaphutha, ukunquma izindawo ezivame ukuzamazama komhlaba, nokuqonda ukuvela kwezintaba. Isibonelo, imifula "eye yasika" futhi yakha ama-terrace anezingqimba ingaba isibonakaliso sokukhuphuka kwe-tectonic okuphindaphindiwe.
8. I-Hillslope Geomorphology kanye Nokunyakaza Kwabantu Abaningi
Lesi sigaba esincane sihlola izinqubo zemithambeka ezifana nokuwa, ukukhukhuleka, ukuwa kwamadwala, ukudilika komhlaba okuguquguqukayo/okujikelezayo, kanye nokugeleza kwemfucuza. Izici zokulawula zifaka phakathi ukuthambekela kwemithambeka, uhlobo lomhlabathi/lwedwala, imvula, izitshalo, kanye nemisebenzi yabantu njengokuhlanzwa komhlaba.
Izifundo ze-slope morphology zibaluleke kakhulu ezindaweni ezinezintaba njenge-Indonesia, njengoba ukudilika komhlaba kuvame ukwenzeka ngesikhathi semvula enkulu noma ukuzamazama komhlaba. Imephu yokuthambekela kokudilika komhlaba, ukuhlaziywa kokuqina kwe-slope, kanye nezincomo zokusetshenziswa komhlaba kuncike kakhulu emibonweni ye-geomorphology.
9. I-Quantitative Geomorphology kanye ne-Geomorphometry
I-quantitative geomorphology isebenzisa ukulinganisa, izibalo, kanye nomodeli wezibalo ukuqonda izinqubo ezibumba izimo zomhlaba. I-geomorphometry igxile ekulinganiseni isimo sobuso kusetshenziswa idatha yokuphakama (i-DEM) ukuthola amapharamitha afana ne-slope, i-aspect, i-curvature, kanye ne-topographic roughness index.
Le ndlela ibalulekile enkathini ye-big data kanye nokubona kude, njengoba ivumela ukuhlaziywa kwendawo enkulu okusheshayo nokungakhethi, ukwenziwa kwemodeli yokuguguleka komhlaba, ukubikezela izikhukhula, kanye nokuhlelwa kwemephu yezingozi.
10. I-Geomorphology Yezemvelo Neye-Anthropogenic
I-Geomorphology ayihloli nje kuphela izinqubo zemvelo kodwa futhi nomthelela wabantu ebusweni boMhlaba. Isifundo esincane esiphathelene nabantu sihlola ukuthi izimayini, ukwakhiwa kwamadolobha, ukwakhiwa kwamadamu, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, ukulungiswa kabusha kogu, kanye nezolimo ezijulile zishintsha kanjani amaphethini okuguguleka nokusikwa komhlaba kanye nokuzinza komhlaba.
Ezindaweni eziningi, abantu bangabantu abavelele "abasebenzisa i-geomorphic", abakwazi ukusheshisa ukuguguleka komhlabathi, ukuhambisa inani elikhulu lenhlabathi, noma ukushintsha imizila yemifula. Ngakho-ke, ukuqonda i-geomorphology kubalulekile entuthukweni esimeme.
I-Penutup
I-geomorphology yisayensi esisiza siqonde "ubuso" boMhlaba: ukuthi kungani isifunda sinezintaba, ukuthi kungani imifula igoba, ukuthi kungani ugu lolwandle luwohloka, nokuthi izintaba zakha kanjani bese ziwohloka kancane kancane. Ngokuqonda imikhakha yaso engaphansi—i-fluvial, i-coastal, i-aeolian, i-glacial, i-karst, i-volcanic, i-tectonic, i-slope, i-quantitative, kanye ne-anthropogenic—singabona ukuthi yonke i-landform ingumphumela wokuxhumana kwezinqubo ezithintana.
Phakathi kwezinselele zokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukukhula kwamadolobha, kanye nokwanda kwezingozi zezinhlekelele, i-geomorphology ibaluleke kakhulu. Le sayensi ayigcini nje ngokucebisa ukuqonda kwethu umlando woMhlaba kodwa futhi isisiza ukuthi senze izinqumo ezisebenzayo zokuphepha, ukuqina kwesifunda, kanye nokuphathwa kwemvelo okuhlakaniphile.
