Umehluko Phakathi Kobumba Nomhlabathi Wesihlabathi
Inhlabathi ingenye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu empilweni, njengoba isebenza njengendawo yokukhulisa izitshalo, indawo yokuhlala yezinto eziphilayo, futhi isekela imisebenzi eyahlukahlukene yabantu njengokulima nokwakha. Phakathi kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zenhlabathi, ezimbili zezindawo okuxoxwa ngazo kakhulu yinhlabathi yobumba nesihlabathi. Zombili zinezici ezihluke kakhulu, okuhlanganisa ukuthungwa, amandla okugcina amanzi, okuqukethwe kwezakhamzimba, kanye nokusetshenziswa. Ukuqonda umehluko phakathi kobumba nesihlabathi kuzosisiza sinqume izindlela ezifanele zokulima, sikhethe izitshalo ezifanele, futhi sigweme izinkinga ezifana nesomiso noma ukugcwala kwamanzi.
1. Incazelo kanye Nokwakheka Okuyisisekelo
Ubumba luwumhlabathi onezinhlayiya ezincane kakhulu. Izinhlayiya zobumba zinobubanzi obungaphansi kuka-0,002 mm. Ngenxa yobukhulu bazo obuncane, lezi zinhlayiya zinamathelana kalula futhi zakha isakhiwo esiminyene. Umhlabathi wobumba uvame ukucebile ngamaminerali athile, futhi ubuso bawo buyakwazi ukubopha amanzi nezakhamzimba ngokuqinile.
Okwamanje, inhlabathi enesihlabathi yakhiwe yizinhlayiya ezinkulu, cishe ezingama-0,05–2 mm. Izinhlayiya zesihlabathi zivame ukuba nezikhala ezikhululekile, okwenza inhlabathi enesihlabathi ibe nomuzwa oqinile futhi ongaqinile. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kwenza inhlabathi enesihlabathi ibe lula ukuthi amanzi nomoya kudlule kuyo, kodwa kunzima ukugcina umswakama kanye nezakhamzimba.
2. Ukuthungwa Nokuthinta
Umehluko obonakala kalula usekuthungeni.
– Ubumba luzwakala lubushelelezi, lunamathela uma lumanzi, futhi kulula ukulubumba. Uma uthatha ubumba olumanzi bese uluxova, luzohlangana futhi lubambe isimo salo.
– Inhlabathi enesihlabathi izwakala ilukhuni futhi “iluhlaza.” Uma icindezelwa, ayiqini kahle futhi ivame ukuqhekeka kalula. Ngisho noma imanzi, inhlabathi enesihlabathi isazizwa ikhululekile futhi kunzima ukuyibumba.
Lokhu kuthungwa akukona nje umehluko ekuzweleni, kodwa futhi kunquma nezinye izakhiwo eziningi zomzimba zenhlabathi.
3. Amandla Okugcina Amanzi (Amandla Okugcina Amanzi)
Omunye umehluko obaluleke kakhulu phakathi kobumba nomhlabathi onesihlabathi yikhono lokugcina amanzi.
– Ubumba lunezimbobo ezincane (ama-micropores), okwenza kube nzima ngamanzi ukuphuma. Ngenxa yalokho, ubumba lungagcina amanzi isikhathi eside. Lokhu kungaba wusizo ngesikhathi sesomiso, njengoba kugcina inhlabathi imanzi. Kodwa-ke, inkinga ukuthi ubumba luvame ukugcwala amanzi uma amanzi ephuma kahle.
– Inhlabathi enesihlabathi inezimbobo ezinkulu (ama-macropores), okuvumela amanzi ukuthi amunce futhi aphume ngokushesha. Inhlabathi enesihlabathi ayivami ukugcwala amanzi kodwa yoma ngokushesha. Ezindaweni ezishisayo, izitshalo enhlabathini enesihlabathi zivame ukudinga ukuniselwa njalo ngoba amanzi awagcini amanzi isikhathi eside.
4. Ukudonsa amanzi kanye nokungenisa umoya (Ukujikeleza komoya)
Ukumunca amanzi yikhono lomhlabathi lokukhipha amanzi, kanti ukungenisa umoya yikhono lomhlabathi lokugcina nokukhipha umoya wezimpande kanye nezinambuzane ezincane.
– Inhlabathi enesihlabathi iphumelela kakhulu ekukhipheni amanzi kanye nokungenisa umoya. Izikhala ezinkulu phakathi kwezinhlayiya zivumela izimpande ukuthi ziphefumule kalula futhi zivimbele amanzi ukuthi ahlangane.
– Inhlabathi yobumba ivame ukuba nomoya ongemuhle ngenxa yezinhlayiya zayo eziqinile. Uma imanzi, ubumba lungaqina kakhulu futhi lunamathele, okwenza kube nzima ngezimpande ukungena futhi kuvimbele umoya-mpilo. Kodwa-ke, ngokulungiswa okufanele (isib., ukwengeza izinto eziphilayo), isakhiwo sobumba singathuthukiswa.
5. Ukuzala kanye nekhono lokubamba izakhamzimba
Ukuvunda kwenhlabathi akunqunywa nje kuphela inani lezakhamzimba, kodwa futhi nekhono lomhlabathi lokuzigcina ukuze zingalahleki kalula.
– Inhlabathi yobumba ngokuvamile ivundile kakhulu ngoba izinhlayiya zayo ezincane zinamandla aphezulu okubopha izakhamzimba (umthamo wokushintshana kwe-cation). Izakhamzimba ezifana ne-potassium, i-calcium, ne-magnesium zigcinwa kalula, okwenza zitholakale ezitshalweni isikhathi eside.
– Inhlabathi enesihlabathi ivame ukubhekwa njengengavundile kakhulu ngokwemvelo. Ngenxa yokuthi amanzi ayashesha ukuphuma, izakhamzimba ziyasuswa kalula. Yingakho inhlabathi enesihlabathi ivame ukudinga umanyolo ovame kakhulu ngamazinga alawulwayo, kanye nokufakwa komquba noma umquba ukuze kugcinwe izakhamzimba.
6. Ukulula Kokucubungula kanye Nengozi Yokuqiniswa
Ngokombono wemikhuba yezolimo noma yokulima, ukutshala inhlabathi kuyisici esibalulekile.
– Inhlabathi enesihlabathi kulula ukuyihlakula noma ukuyisebenzisa ngoba ayinamatheli futhi ayiqini kalula. Kodwa-ke, inhlabathi enesihlabathi nayo iguguleka kalula ngumoya ngoba izinhlamvu zayo zilula futhi zikhululekile.
– Inhlabathi yobumba kunzima kakhulu ukuyisebenzisa, ikakhulukazi uma imanzi kakhulu (inamathela) noma yomile kakhulu (iqina futhi iqhekeka). Inhlabathi yobumba isengozini enkulu yokuminyana uma ivame ukunyathelwa noma ukusetshenziswa imishini esindayo, okungavimbela ukukhula kwezimpande.
7. Ukufaneleka Kwezitshalo
Lokhu kwehluka kwezici kuthonya izinhlobo zezitshalo ezifanele.
– Izitshalo ezithanda umswakama futhi ezikwazi ukusinda enhlabathini enzima zivame ukufanelana kakhulu nenhlabathi yobumba, isibonelo ilayisi (enohlelo lwerayisi), izinhlobo ezithile zemifino, kanye nezitshalo ezidinga amanzi aqinile.
– Izitshalo ezidinga amanzi amaningi futhi ezingakwazi ukubekezelela izimpande ezigcwele amanzi zifaneleka kakhulu enhlabathini enesihlabathi, isibonelo ikhabe, ikhabe, amakinati, kanye nezitshalo eziningana zezitshalo ezizwela amanzi amaningi.
Kodwa-ke, empeleni, izindawo eziningi zinengxube (isib. i-loam) okuyinhlanganisela efanelekile yesihlabathi, udaka, nobumba.
8. Ukusetshenziswa Emisebenzini Yokwakha Nengesiyo Eyokulima
Ngaphandle kwezolimo, ubumba kanye nomhlabathi onesihlabathi nakho kuyahluka ekusetshenzisweni kwazo ekwakheni.
– Ubumba luvame ukusetshenziswa njengento eluhlaza yokwenza izitini, amathayili ophahla, izinto zobumba, nezinto ezidinga izakhiwo zepulasitiki uma zenziwe.
– Inhlabathi yesihlabathi iyisici esibalulekile ekuxubeni ukhonkolo nezinto zokwakha, futhi isetshenziselwa nokufaka uthango ngoba kulula ukulihlanganisa ngokobuchwepheshe futhi linomsele omuhle wokukhipha amanzi.
9. Indlela Yokuthuthukisa Inhlabathi Yobumba Neyesihlabathi
Kokubili kungathuthukiswa ngezindlela ezahlukene.
A. Ukuthuthukisa inhlabathi yobumba
– Engeza izinto eziphilayo ezifana nomquba, umquba ovuthiwe, noma i-humus ukuze uthuthukise isakhiwo.
– Yenza imibhede kanye nemisele yokukhipha amanzi ukuze amanzi angami.
– Gwema ukusebenza inhlabathi uma imanzi kakhulu ngoba lokhu kungalimaza isakhiwo futhi kusenze sibe ncane kakhulu.
B. Ukuthuthukisa inhlabathi enesihlabathi
– Faka umquba, umquba, noma i-biochar ukuze wandise amandla okugcina amanzi kanye nezakhamzimba.
– Sebenzisa i-mulch ukuze unciphise ukuhwamuka kwamanzi.
– Faka umanyolo kancane kancane ukuze izakhamzimba zingaphumi ngokushesha.
Isiphetho
Inhlabathi yobumba nesihlabathi inomehluko ohlukile: inhlabathi yobumba enomumo omuhle igcina amanzi nezakhamzimba kangcono, kodwa inomumo omubi wokukhipha amanzi futhi ivame ukuba ncane. Inhlabathi yesihlabathi enomumo oqinile inomumo omuhle wokukhipha amanzi nomoya, kodwa yoma ngokushesha futhi ilahlekelwe izakhamzimba kalula. Ukukhetha izitshalo, amasu okulima, kanye namasu okuthuthukisa inhlabathi kudingeka kulungiselelwe izici zazo. Ukuqonda lo mehluko kungasisiza ukuphatha inhlabathi yethu ngempumelelo, kwandise isivuno sezitshalo, futhi sisebenzise umhlabathi ngendlela efanele.
Uma ungathanda, ngingakusiza ukwengeza ithebula lokuqhathanisa, ukuhlolwa okulula kwasekhaya ukuhlonza uhlobo lwenhlabathi yakho, noma izincomo zezitshalo ezinhle kakhulu zohlobo ngalunye lwenhlabathi ngokuya ngesimo sezulu sendawo yakho.
