Indlela Yokwakheka Kwe-Geyser Ngokusho KweJografi
Ama-geyser ayisenzakalo semvelo esithakazelisayo esifundweni se-physical geography, ikakhulukazi i-geomorphology kanye ne-environmental geography. Afana "nemithombo eqhumayo," ekhipha amanzi ashisayo kanye nentuthu emoyeni ngezikhathi ezithile. Kodwa-ke, ama-geyser awawona nje imithombo eshisayo evamile. Ukuba khona kwawo kuyivelakancane kakhulu, kudinga inhlanganisela ethile yezimo ze-geological, hydrological, kanye ne-thermal. Lesi sihloko sixoxa ngezindlela zokwakheka kwama-geyser ngokombono we-geography: kusukela ezimweni zokwakheka, inqubo yokushisa, ukugeleza kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba, kanye nezizathu zokuthi kungani ama-geyser engaqhuma ngezikhathi ezithile.
1. Incazelo yeGeyser kuJografi
Ku-geography yemvelo, i-geyser ichazwa njengesiphethu esishisayo esikhipha amanzi kanye nomusi ngezikhathi ezithile ngenxa yokushisa okuvela emsebenzini we-geothermal ngaphansi kobuso boMhlaba. Ama-geyser ayingxenye yezindawo zomhlaba zezintaba-mlilo, ngokuvamile atholakala ezindaweni ezinomsebenzi ophezulu we-magmatic noma we-geothermal. Ama-geyser avame ukuvela kanye nezinye izici ze-geothermal njengeziphethu ezishisayo, ama-fumaroles (izindawo zokukhipha igesi/umusi), amachibi odaka, kanye nama-sinter terraces (ama-silica/limestone deposits).
2. Izimo Zokwakheka Kwe-Geyser
Ngokusho kwezifundo zezwe kanye nezezwe, akuzona zonke izindawo ezikhiqiza ama-geyser. Kumelwe kuhlangatshezwane nezimo eziningana ezibalulekile:
1. Umthombo wokushisa ongaphansi komhlaba
Ngokuvamile kuvela ku-magma noma amatshe ashisayo asele emisebenzini yentaba-mlilo. Lokhu kushisa kusebenza njengesitofu esifudumeza amanzi angaphansi komhlaba.
2. Ukutholakala kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba
Amanzi emvula noma amanzi angaphezulu komhlaba kumele akwazi ukungena emhlabathini (ukungena) bese eqoqana ohlelweni olungaphansi komhlaba.
3. Uhlelo lwesiteshi esingaphansi komhlaba oluncane noluyinkimbinkimbi
Ama-geyser adinga "ipayipi lemvelo" elifana noqhekeko lwedwala, umfantu, noma umgodi omncane ngokwanele ukuvumela ukucindezela kwakheke kalula. Uma ipayipi libanzi kakhulu, amanzi ashisayo avame ukugeleza kancane kancane njengesiphethu esishisayo esivamile, kunokuba ageleze.
4. Idwala elingaphansi noma amaminerali angangeni kahle avimba ukugeleza kwamanzi
Lolu ngqimba lusiza ukumelana nengcindezi. Ama-geyser amaningi akheka edwaleni elibe seliqiniswa yizinsalela ze-silica (i-sinter) ezimboza izindonga zomsele, okwenza kube nzima futhi kungangeni amanzi.
5. Ukujula nokucindezela okwanele
Uma amanzi ejula, kulapho ingcindezi iba nkulu khona. Lokhu kucindezela kubalulekile ngoba kuthinta izinga lokubila kwamanzi.
Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kwezimo kuchaza ukuthi kungani ama-geyser ebonakala ezindaweni ezithile zomhlaba kuphela, isibonelo i-Yellowstone (e-United States), i-Iceland, i-New Zealand, noma i-Kamchatka (e-Russia).
3. Indima Yomjikelezo Wamanzi Ekwakhekeni Kwama-Geysers
Ngokombono wendawo, ama-geyser ahlobene kakhulu nomjikelezo wamanzi. Amanzi aphuma ekugcineni esuka ku-geyser ngokuvamile avela emvuleni (imvula noma iqhwa) ewela emhlabathini, adlule ezimbotsheni naseziqhekekeni edwaleni, bese egcinwa njengamanzi angaphansi komhlaba. Le nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi i-percolation.
Uma amanzi angaphansi komhlaba ehla aye ekujuleni okuthile, angena endaweni efudumele ngenxa yokwehla okuvamile kwe-geothermal noma, ezindaweni zezintaba-mlilo, ngenxa yokusondela kokungena kwe-magma. Amanzi abe esefudumala kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, ama-geyser angaqondwa "njengesihloko sobuso" sesistimu yokujikeleza kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba afudumele eMhlabeni.
4. Indlela Yokushisa Nokucindezela: Isihluthulelo
Indlela eyisisekelo yokuqhuma kwe-geyser yenzeka ngenxa yokusebenzisana phakathi kokushisa, amanzi, kanye nengcindezi emseleni ongaphansi komhlaba.
Ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile, amanzi abilayo ku-100°C ezingeni lolwandle. Kodwa-ke, ngaphansi komhlaba, ingcindezi iphakeme ngenxa yesisindo sekholomu yamanzi kanye namatshe angaphezulu. Lokhu kucindezela okuphezulu kuphakamisa izinga lokubila kwamanzi. Lokhu kusho ukuthi amanzi ekujuleni angafinyelela amazinga okushisa angaphezu kuka-100°C kodwa angabilisi ngenxa yengcindezi.
Ekamelweni elingaphansi komhlaba le-geyser, amanzi afudunyezwa njalo. Uma izinga lokushisa lamanzi selidlule iphuzu elithile, amanye awo aqala ukuphenduka umusi. Umusi unomthamo omkhulu kakhulu kunamanzi acwebezelayo. Ukwanda okusheshayo komthamo womusi kwandisa ingcindezi "epayipini" le-geyser.
5. Izigaba Zokuqhuma Kwe-Geyser
Ngokuvamile, umjikelezo wokuqhuma kwe-geyser ungachazwa ngezigaba ezilandelayo:
a. Isigaba Sokushaja Kabusha
Ngemva kokuqhuma, indawo yokukhipha amanzi angcolile ngokuvamile "iyaphela kancane," noma ingcindezi yehle kakhulu. Amanzi angaphansi komhlaba abe esegeleza angene ngokuqhekeka kwamadwala, agcwalise amagumbi angaphansi komhlaba. Lesi yisigaba sokululama noma sokuvuselela.
b. Isigaba Sokushisa
Amanzi agcwalisa isiteshi ahamba phansi ahlangane nedwala elishisayo. Ukuhanjiswa kokushisa kusuka edwaleni kuya emanzini kanye nokwanda kwamanzi ashisayo kwenzeka ngesikhathi esisodwa. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokuthi isiteshi sincane futhi siyinkimbinkimbi, amanzi awagelezi ngokukhululeka; ukucindezela kuyakheka.
c. Ukuqongelela Komusi kanye Nesigaba Sokucindezela (Ukucindezela)
Njengoba ukufudumala kuqhubeka, amanzi asezingxenyeni ezijulile afinyelela amazinga okushisa aphezulu kakhulu. Amanye aqala ukwakha amabhamuza anomusi. Lawa mabhamuza awaphumi kalula ngoba abanjwa yikholomu yamanzi ngaphezu kwawo. Ngenxa yalokho, umfutho womusi uyanda, njengembiza evaliwe.
d. Isigaba Sokubangela
Ukuqhuma kuvame ukubangelwa lapho amanye amanzi aphezulu eqala ukugcwala noma ukuphuma kancane, okubangela ukuthi ingcindezi ohlelweni yehle kancane. Lokhu kwehla okuncane kwengcindezi kubangela ukuthi amanzi ashisayo angaphansi afinyelele endaweni yokubila ephansi ngokuzumayo, okuholela ekubileni okuqhumayo (ukubila okusheshayo). Ushintsho olusheshayo kusuka koketshezi kuya emphefumulweni lubangela ukuqhuma okunamandla.
e. Isigaba Sokuqhuma
Umusi uphoqa amanzi ukuba akhuphukele phezulu ngomsele omncane ngamandla amakhulu, okwenza i-jet yamanzi ashisayo bese i-steam iye emoyeni. Ukuphakama kwe-jet kuncike ekucindezelweni, umthamo womusi, ukuma kwe-channel, kanye nokunikezwa kwamanzi.
f. Isigaba Sokukhipha Nokupholisa (Ukukhipha Nokupholisa)
Uma ingcindezi isikhishiwe, izinga lokushisa kanye nengcindezi ohlelweni kuyehla. Imigqa iqala ukugcwala ngamanzi futhi, bese umjikelezo ubuyela esigabeni sokugcwalisa.
Lo mjikelezo yiwona owenza ama-geyser amaningi aphindaphindeke: angaqhuma njalo ngemizuzu embalwa, amahora, noma ngisho nezinsuku kuye ngesimo sesistimu.
6. Indima Yezakhiwo Ze-Geological kanye Nezindawo Ezimbiwayo
I-geography yemvelo iphinde igcizelele ukubaluleka kwezakhiwo ze-geological ezifana namaphutha, ukuqhekeka, kanye nezinhlobo zamadwala. Izindawo zokukhipha ama-geyser zivame ukuhlotshaniswa nezindawo zamaphutha ezisebenza njengezindlela zokugeleza koketshezi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, amadiphozithi amaminerali adlala indima "ekwakheni" ama-geyser ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ama-geyser amaningi atholakala ezindaweni ezicebile nge-silica. Amanzi ashisayo ancibilikisa i-silica edwaleni, futhi uma ifika phezulu bese iphola, i-silica iyaphuma njenge-sinter. Lokhu kufakwa kungagudla umsele, kuwenze ube mncane futhi ungangeni, okuvumela ukucindezela ukuthi kwakheke—izimo ezifanelekile ze-geyser.
7. Kungani Ama-Geyser Engavamile?
Iziphethu ezishisayo zivame kakhulu kuneziphethu ngoba azidingi uhlelo lwamapayipi oluncane kanye nezindlela zokucindezela eziyinkimbinkimbi. Uma umsele uvulekile kakhulu, umusi ungaphuma kancane ngaphandle kokwakha ingcindezi enkulu, ubonakale njengamanzi ashisayo noma ama-fumarole agelezayo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-geyser "ingafa" uma kukhona ushintsho oluncane ohlelweni lwayo: ukuzamazama komhlaba kushintsha umsele, amadiphozithi amaminerali awuvale ngokuphelele, noma ukutholakala kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba kwehla ngenxa yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu nokusetshenziswa kwamanzi.
8. Ama-Geysers Njengento Yocwaningo Lwezemvelo
Kwi-geography yemvelo, ama-geyser acwaningwa ngamakhono awo kwezokuvakasha kwezwe, ukulondolozwa kwe-geyser, kanye nezingozi zemvelo. Amanzi ashisayo kakhulu kanye nama-jet omusi kungaba yingozi uma indawo ingaphathwa kahle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-geyser abonisa amandla e-geothermal esifundeni, yize ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kumele kucabangele umthelela ohlelweni lwe-hydrothermal ukuze kugwenywe ukuphazamisa ukusimama kwezici ze-geyser.
Isiphetho
Ukwakheka kwama-geyser, ngokwe-geography, kuwumphumela wokuxhumana okuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi komjikelezo wamanzi (amanzi angaphansi komhlaba), umsebenzi we-geothermal (imithombo yokushisa), izakhiwo ze-geological (ukuqhekeka kanye neziteshi ezincane), kanye nokuguquguquka kwengcindezi kanye nokushintsha kwesigaba samanzi abe umusi. Ama-geyser aqhuma ngezikhathi ezithile ngoba uhlelo lusebenza njenge-"boiler yemvelo": amanzi ekujuleni ashisa kakhulu ngenxa yokucindezela okuphezulu, bese kuthi lapho ingcindezi yehla kancane, kube nokubila okuqhumayo, okuphoqa amanzi kanye nomsi ukuba ufike phezulu. Ukungajwayelekile kwama-geyser kugcizelela ukuthi lesi simo senzeka kuphela lapho zonke izimo zemvelo zihlangatshezwana kahle.
Uma ufisa, ngingangeza izibonelo zezindawo ezidumile zama-geyser kanye nezici zazo zokuqhuma, noma ngidale inguqulo yesayensi kakhulu yalesi sihloko enamagama aphelele kakhulu e-geology kanye nohlu lwezincwadi olulula.
