Isimo Sezulu: Izinto Zokufunda ZeJografi Zebanga Le-12
Umkhathi ungqimba lwamagesi azungeze iplanethi yoMhlaba, edlala indima ebalulekile ekugcineni ibhalansi yesimo sezulu kanye nokugcina impilo. Ku-Geography yeBanga le-12, ukuqonda kahle umkhathi kubalulekile. Lesi sihloko sihlola ukwakheka, isakhiwo, umsebenzi, kanye nezenzakalo ezenzeka ngaphakathi komkhathi, kanye nokubaluleka kokuwulondoloza ukuze impilo iqhubeke isikhathi eside eMhlabeni.
Ukwakheka Komoya
Umkhathi womhlaba wakhiwe ngamagesi ahlukahlukene adlala indima eyingqayizivele ekusekeleni impilo. Ukwakheka kwawo okuyinhloko yi-nitrogen (78%), i-oxygen (21%), kanye ne-argon (0,93%). Amanye amagesi, njenge-carbon dioxide (0,04%), i-neon, i-helium, i-methane, i-krypton, kanye ne-hydrogen, nawo akhona ngamanani amancane. Naphezu kwamanani awo amancane, amagesi amancane njenge-carbon dioxide (CO2) kanye ne-methane (CH4) adlala indima ebalulekile emphumeleni wokushisa komhlaba kanye nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.
Izinhlayiya Zokumiswa
Umkhathi uqukethe nezinhlayiya ezincane ezaziwa ngokuthi ama-aerosols, okuhlanganisa uthuli, umlotha wentaba-mlilo, usawoti wolwandle, ukungcola, kanye nezinhlayiya zezinto eziphilayo ezifana nama-spores kanye nempova. Lezi zinhlayiya zingathonya izinqubo zomzimba emkhathini, njengokwakheka kwamafu kanye nokumuncwa kwemisebe.
Ukwakheka Kwezingqimba Zomoya
Umkhathi uhlukaniswe ngezingqimba eziningana ngokusekelwe ekushintsheni kwezinga lokushisa. Ingqimba ngayinye inezici zayo futhi ibalulekile enkambisweni yonke yesimo sezulu.
1. I-Troposphere: Lena ungqimba oluseduze kakhulu nobuso boMhlaba futhi lapho kwenzeka khona zonke izimo zezulu. I-troposphere ifinyelela cishe kumakhilomitha angu-8-15 ngaphezu kobuso. Izinga lokushisa liyancipha ngokuphakama kuze kube yilapho lifika ku-tropopause, umkhawulo ophezulu we-troposphere.
2. I-Stratosphere: Lolu ngqimba lusuka ku-tropopause luye cishe kumakhilomitha angama-50 ngaphezu kobuso boMhlaba. Izinga lokushisa liyakhuphuka ngokuphakama ngenxa yongqimba lwe-ozone, olumunca imisebe ye-ultraviolet evela elangeni. I-stratosphere nayo ibalulekile njengendlela yokundiza yezindiza ze-jet ngenxa yokuqina komoya wayo.
3. I-Mesosphere: Itholakala ngaphezu kwe-stratosphere, i-mesosphere isuka cishe kumakhilomitha angama-50 kuya kwangu-85. Izinga lokushisa liyehla futhi ngokuphakama, okwenza kube ungqimba olubandayo kakhulu lomkhathi. Imicimbi efana nokushiswa kwe-meteoroid yenzeka ku-mesosphere.
4. I-Thermosphere: Itholakala phakathi kwamakhilomitha angu-85 namakhilomitha angu-600, i-thermosphere ithola ukwanda okukhulu kwezinga lokushisa ngenxa yokumuncwa kwemisebe yelanga. Isenzakalo se-aurora senzeka kulolu ngqimba ngenxa yokusebenzisana kwezinhlayiya ezishajiwe nensimu yamagnetic yoMhlaba.
5. I-Exosphere: Lena ungqimba olungaphandle, lapho umkhathi uqala ukuhlangana khona nomkhathi ongaphandle. Umoya mncane kakhulu futhi izinhlayiya zegesi azivamile, ngakho-ke i-exosphere ivame ukubhekwa njengokushintshana phakathi komkhathi nomkhathi weplanethi.
Imisebenzi Yomkhathi
Umkhathi usebenza njengomvikeli nokusekela impilo eMhlabeni. Imisebenzi eyinhloko ihlanganisa:
Ukuvikelwa Emisebeni Eyingozi
Ungqimba lwe-ozone oluse-stratosphere lusebenza njengesivikelo esimunca iningi lemisebe ye-ultraviolet (UV) evela elangeni, engabangela umdlavuza wesikhumba kanye nomonakalo wamehlo, kanye nokuba yingozi emvelweni.
Ukulawula Izinga Lokushisa
Umkhathi ubamba ukushisa okuvela elangeni ngenqubo eyaziwa ngokuthi umphumela wokushisa, ogcina izinga lokushisa loMhlaba lizinzile futhi lisekele impilo. Ngaphandle komkhathi, izinga lokushisa loMhlaba belizohluka kakhulu phakathi kwemini nobusuku.
Ukunikezwa kwe-oksijini
Umkhathi ungumthombo womoya-mpilo, obalulekile ekuphefumuleni kwezinto eziphilayo. Ngaphandle komoya-mpilo, impilo njengoba siyazi ngabe ayikho.
Izinhlelo Zesimo Sezulu Nesimo Sezulu
Umkhathi ulawula isimo sezulu kanye nezinhlelo zesimo sezulu ezithinta impilo yethu yansuku zonke. Imvula, iqhwa, umoya, nezinye izimo zesimo sezulu ezahlukahlukene zenzeka ngenxa yokuguquguquka komkhathi.
Isenzakalo Somoya
Ezinye izinto ezithakazelisayo ezenzeka emkhathini zifaka:
Imvula Neqhwa
Ukujiya komhwamuko wamanzi emkhathini kwakha amafu. Uma amanzi noma amaconsi eqhwa efwini emakhulu ngokwanele, amandla adonsela phansi awadonsela phansi njengemvula noma iqhwa.
Badai
Ukushintsha kwengcindezi kanye nokushisa kungabangela iziphepho eziletha imimoya enamandla, imvula enamandla kanye netiyela elivela olwandle liye ezweni.
Uthingo
Uthingo lwemvula lwenzeka lapho ukukhanya kwelanga kuphambuka futhi kubonakala emathonsini emvula, kwakha imibala ehlukahlukene.
Aurora
Ama-Aurora Borealis (e-north pole) kanye nama-Aurora Australis (e-south pole) ayizibani ezinhle esibhakabhakeni sasebusuku, ezibangelwa yizinhlayiya ezishajayo ezivela elangeni ezishayisana nama-molecule emoyeni ophezulu.
Umthelela Wemisebenzi Yabantu
Ngeshwa, imisebenzi yabantu ibangele izinguquko ezinkulu ekwakhekeni nasekusebenzeni komkhathi. Ukungcoliswa komoya okuvela ezimotweni, ezimbonini, kanye nokushiswa kwamafutha angaphansi komhlaba kukhiqiza amagesi afana ne-CO2, i-methane, ne-nitrous oxide, anegalelo emphumela wokushisa komhlaba. Lokhu kusheshisa ukufudumala komhlaba kanye noshintsho lwesimo sezulu, okungaholela ezinhlekeleleni zemvelo, ukuphazamiseka kwesimiso semvelo, kanye nezinkinga zempilo yabantu.
Imizamo Yokulondoloza Umoya
Kubalulekile ukuthatha isinyathelo sokulondoloza umoya ngezindlela ezahlukene:
1. Ukunciphisa Ukukhishwa Kwegesi Evikela Imvelo: Lokhu kungenziwa ngokushintshela emandleni avuselelekayo njengelanga, umoya, namanzi, kanye nokwandisa ukusebenza kahle kwamandla.
2. Ukuvuselelwa kwamahlathi: Ukutshala izihlahla kusiza ekumunceni i-CO2 emoyeni, kunciphisa umphumela wokushisa komhlaba.
3. Umthetho Wokungcoliswa Komoya: Ohulumeni nezinhlangano zomhlaba wonke kumele basebenzise imithetho eqinile yokulawula ukukhishwa kokungcola okuvela ezimbonini nasezimotweni.
4. Ukwazisa kanye Nemfundo: Ukuphakamisa ulwazi lomphakathi ngokubaluleka komkhathi nokufundisa isizukulwane esisha ngendlela yokuwuvikela kubalulekile ukuze kube nekusasa elizinzile.
Isiphetho
Umkhathi ungenye yezingxenye ezibalulekile ezenza ukuphila eMhlabeni kube nokwenzeka. Ngokuqonda ukwakheka kwawo, isakhiwo, umsebenzi, kanye nezenzakalo, kanye nemiphumela yemisebenzi yabantu, singathatha izinyathelo zokuwulondoloza. Imfundo yeJografi ebangeni le-12 idlala indima ebalulekile ekuqiniseni lokhu kuqwashisa nolwazi, ukuze izizukulwane ezizayo zilungele kangcono ukugcina ibhalansi yesimo sezulu kanye nokusimama kokuphila kule planethi.
