Ukuphathwa Kwezindawo Zokugeleza Kwamanzi Okusekelwe Ku-Jografi
I-watershed (DAS) yindawo yomhlaba ezungezwe yizintaba noma izintaba, lapho amanzi emvula eqoqwa khona, amuncwe, futhi ekugcineni adluliselwe ngenethiwekhi yemifula aye endaweni eyodwa efana nechibi, ichibi, noma ulwandle. Ngokwesimo sentuthuko esimeme, i-watershed akuyona nje indawo, kodwa kunalokho uhlelo oluhlanganisa izingxenye zomzimba, zebhayoloji, kanye nezomnotho. Ngakho-ke, ukuphathwa kwe-watershed kudinga indlela engachaza ubudlelwano bendawo, iqonde izici zesifunda ngasinye, futhi ihlole umthelela wemisebenzi yabantu kusukela phezulu kuya phansi. Yilapho indlela yezwe iba yisisekelo esibalulekile sokuphathwa kwe-watershed okuphumelelayo.
Kungani IJografi Ibalulekile Ekuphathweni Kwezindawo Zokuhlala Amanzi?
I-Geography ifunda amaphethini, izinqubo, kanye nokusebenzisana kwezenzakalo ebusweni boMhlaba ngokombono wendawo. Ekuphathweni kwezindawo zamanzi, indlela yezindawo iyasiza ekuphenduleni imibuzo ebalulekile: ukuthi umthombo wenkinga uphi, ukuthi amanzi nezinto ezigeleza kanjani, yiziphi izindawo ezisengozini enkulu, nokuthi ukusetshenziswa komhlaba kuthinta kanjani ikhwalithi yamanzi kanye nobuningi. Izindawo zamanzi "zixhumene": izinguquko ezingenhla komfula zingabangela izikhukhula ezansi komfula, ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi emithambekeni kungabangela ukubola kwemifula kanye namachibi, kuyilapho ukungcola emadolobheni kungalimaza imvelo yasemanzini futhi kuphazamise ukutholakala kwamanzi ahlanzekile kwezinye izindawo.
Indlela yokuma komhlaba yenza kube lula ukuphathwa okusekelwe ebufakazini ngokuhlanganisa idatha mayelana nokuma komhlaba, isimo sezulu, i-hydrology, inhlabathi, ukumbozwa komhlaba, kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwabantu kanye nomsebenzi wezomnotho. Ngakho-ke, ukuphathwa akwenziwa kancane kancane ngokusekelwe emingceleni yokuphatha, kodwa kunalokho kuhambisana nemingcele yemvelo ye-watershed.
Izingxenye Zendawo Ekuhlaziyweni Kwezindawo Zamanzi
Ukuphathwa kwezindawo zamanzi okusekelwe endaweni kuvame ukuhlola izingxenye eziningana ezibalulekile:
1. I-Topography kanye ne-slope gradient
Ukususwa kwesifunda kunquma indlela yokugeleza kwamanzi, isivinini sokugeleza kwamanzi ebusweni, kanye namathuba okuguguleka komhlabathi. Izindawo ezinemithambeka ephakeme ekhuphukayo zivame ukukhiqiza ukugeleza kwamanzi okusheshayo kanye nemithwalo ephezulu yenhlabathi uma ukumbozwa kwezitshalo kuphazamiseka.
2. Isimo sezulu kanye nemvula
Ukwehluka kwendawo yemvula kuthinta ukuphuma kwemvula emfuleni, izikhukhula, kanye nokutholakala kwamanzi ngesikhathi sesomiso. Ukuhlaziywa kwendawo kusiza ekubaleni izindawo zemvula, amandla amakhulu, kanye nokushintsha kwamaphethini ezinkathi zonyaka.
3. Uhlobo lomhlabathi kanye ne-geology
Inhlabathi enomumo omuhle iguguleka kalula, kanti amandla okungena anquma ukuthi angakanani amanzi angena enhlabathini ukuze abe amanzi angaphansi komhlaba. Isakhiwo se-geological sidlala indima enkulu engcupheni yokuguguleka komhlaba kanye nokutholakala kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba.
4. Ukusetshenziswa komhlaba kanye nokumbozwa komhlaba
Amahlathi, izingadi, amasimu elayisi, izindawo zokuhlala, ngisho nezindawo zezimboni zinemiphumela ehlukahlukene ekungeneni kwamanzi, ukugeleza kwamanzi, kanye nekhwalithi yamanzi. Isibonelo, ukusabalala kwamadolobha kwandisa izindawo ezingangenwa amanzi futhi kwandisa izikhukhula zendawo.
5. Inethiwekhi yomfula kanye nesimo sesiteshi
Ubuningi bamanzi amdaka, ukuma okugobile, kanye nezimo zomngcele womfula kuthinta amandla okugcina amanzi, amathuba okuguguleka kogu, kanye nendawo yokuhlala emanzini.
6. Izici zezenhlalo nezomnotho kanye namasiko
Amaphethini okuhlala, izindlela zokuziphilisa, amazinga obumpofu, kanye nohulumeni wendawo kuthinta izingcindezi emhlabeni nasemithombo yamanzi. I-geography yabantu isiza ukuqonda ukuthi ubani othintekayo nokuthi ubani obangela ushintsho.
Indima ye-GIS kanye nokuzwa okukude
Ukuphathwa kwezindawo zamanzi zanamuhla kwenziwa lula kakhulu yi-Geographic Information Systems (GIS) kanye nokuzwa okukude. Izithombe zesathelayithi zingaqapha izinguquko ekumbozweni komhlaba, impilo yezitshalo, ubukhulu bamanzi ezikhukhula, ngisho nokugcwala kwamanzi. I-GIS ivumela ukuhlanganiswa kwezingqimba eziningi zedatha (indawo, inhlabathi, ukusetshenziswa komhlaba, imvula, ubuningi babantu) ukukhiqiza amamephu obuthakathaka bokuguguleka komhlaba, amamephu ezingozi zezikhukhula, kanye nezinto eziza kuqala ekuvuseleleni.
Isibonelo, besebenzisa imodeli yokuphakama kwedijithali (i-DEM), abaphathi bangakwazi ukubala i-gradient yemithambeka kanye namaphethini okugeleza, bese bethola izindawo ezingaphansi kwamanzi ezifaka isandla kakhulu enhlabathini. Le datha ingasetshenziswa ukunquma izindawo ezisebenza kahle kakhulu zokuvuselela amahlathi, ukufaka amasimu, noma ukwakhiwa kwamadamu okulawula inhlabathi.
Izinkinga Ezivamile Ema-Watershed kanye Nendlela Yokubuka Indawo
Ezinye zezinkinga ezivame ukuvela ezindaweni zamanzi zihlanganisa:
– Izikhukhula eziwela phansi ngenxa yokuguqulwa komhlaba owela phezulu, ukuncishiswa kwemifula, kanye nokwanda kwezindawo ezingangenwa amanzi ezindaweni zasemadolobheni.
– Ukuguguleka komhlabathi kanye nokuchitheka kwenhlabathi okubangela imifula engajulile kanye namachibi, kunciphisa amandla okugcina, futhi kulimaze ukunisela.
– Inkinga yamanzi ngesikhathi sesomiso ngenxa yokuncipha kokungena kwamanzi kanye nokuncipha kwemithombo yamanzi angaphansi komhlaba.
– Ukungcoliswa kwamanzi okuvela emfucumfucwini yasekhaya, ezolimo (umanyolo kanye nezibulala-zinambuzane), kanye nezimboni.
– Ukuwohloka kwezindawo zemvelo eziseduze nogu lomfula ngenxa yezakhiwo eziseceleni kwemifula kanye nokunqunywa kwezitshalo eziseceleni komfula.
Indlela yokuma kwezwe ibheka inkinga njengochungechunge lwezinqubo ezidlula izifunda. Isibonelo, izikhukhula aziqondwa nje ngokuthi "imvula enkulu," kodwa kunalokho njengokuxhumana kwemvula enkulu, izimo zemithambeka, ukumbozwa komhlaba, umthamo womfula, kanye nokuhlelwa kwedolobha. Ngokuhlaziywa kwendawo, ukungenelela kungaqondiswa ezindaweni ezibalulekile zokusebenzisa amandla ezinomthelela omkhulu.
Izimiso Zokuphathwa Kwezindawo Ezisekelwe Emanzini
Ukuze kube ngempumelelo futhi kuqhubeke isikhathi eside, ukuphathwa kwezindawo ezisekelwe emanzini ngokuvamile kunamathela ezimisweni ezilandelayo:
1. Ngokusekelwe kumayunithi e-hydrological, hhayi nje awezokuphatha
Izinhlelo zezifunda/amadolobha kumele zihlanganiswe ngoba imifula ayiqapheli imingcele kahulumeni.
2. Phezulu–phansi njengomfula njengeyunithi eyodwa
Ukuvuselelwa kabusha komfula ongaphezulu kubalulekile ukunciphisa izikhukhula kanye nokugcwala kwenhlabathi, kuyilapho ukuthuthukiswa kwamanzi amdaka kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwemingcele kubalulekile ngezansi komfula.
3. Ukuhlukaniswa kwezindawo kanye nezinto eziza kuqala
Akuzona zonke izindawo ezidinga ukwelashwa okufanayo. Izindawo ezivame ukuguguleka komhlaba, ukuguguleka okukhulu, noma izindawo ezimanzi kakhulu kufanele zibekwe phambili.
4. Ukuhlanganiswa kokulondolozwa nokusetshenziswa
Ukongiwa komhlabathi namanzi akusho ukuvala ukufinyelela kwezomnotho, kodwa kunalokho ukuhlela ukusetshenziswa komhlaba ngokwekhono lomhlaba.
5. Ukubamba iqhaza komphakathi kanye nokufinyelela okufanelekile
Izinqubomgomo ezinhle kumele ziqonde izidingo zendawo, zibandakanye amaqembu asengozini, futhi zilinganisele izintshisekelo zabasebenzisi bamanzi.
Amasu Okuphatha Asebenzayo
Ukuphathwa kwezindawo ezisekelwe endaweni kuvame ukuhlanganisa amasu esakhiwo kanye namasu angahlelekile:
– Ukuvuselelwa kwamahlathi kanye namahlathi ezitshalo ezindaweni eziphakeme ukuze kwandiswe ukungena kwamanzi nokulawula ukuguguleka komhlabathi.
– Ukulondolozwa kwenhlabathi njengokutshala amasimu, imibundu ye-contour, izitshalo ezimboza inhlabathi, kanye nokuphatha imigwaqo yasegadini ukuze ingabi yimizila yokugeleza kwamanzi.
– Ukuvikela imingcele yemifula ngokutshala izitshalo zasezindaweni eziseduze nomfula, ukulawula izakhiwo ezingekho emthethweni, nokulungisa usebe lwemifula.
– Ukulawulwa kwendle ngamadamu okuhlola, i-rorak, imithombo yokungena, kanye nokuphathwa okuqinile kokumba kwe-C.
– Ukuphathwa kwendawo yasemadolobheni: ukwandisa izindawo ezivulekile eziluhlaza, ingqalasizinda eluhlaza (ama-biopores, izingadi zokungena), kanye nezinhlelo zokukhipha amanzi ezinobungani nemvelo.
– Ukulawulwa kokungcola ngokusebenzisa izikhungo zokuhlanza amanzi amdaka, ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali ezolimo, kanye nokuqapha izimboni.
Zonke lezi zindlela zizoqondiswa kakhulu uma zisekelwa imephu yesenzo esiza kuqala esekelwe ku-GIS, ukuze indawo, ubukhulu, kanye nokulandelana kwemisebenzi kucace.
Izinselele Zokusebenzisa
Naphezu komqondo wayo oqinile, ukusetshenziswa kokuphathwa kwezindawo zamanzi kuvame ukubhekana nezinselele: ukuhlanganiswa kwezinhlangano ezahlukene, igunya elihambisanayo, izintshisekelo zomhlaba ezingqubuzanayo, idatha elinganiselwe, kanye nezibopho zokuxhasa ngezimali ezingaguquki. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kwandisa ukungaqiniseki ngezenzakalo zemvula ezinkulu ezivame kakhulu kanye nezinkathi zesomiso ezinde. Ngakho-ke, ukuphathwa kwezindawo zamanzi kudinga ukuzivumelanisa nezimo: ukuvuselela njalo idatha yendawo, ukuqapha izinkomba zokusebenza, kanye nokulungisa izinhlelo ngokusekelwe emiphumeleni yokuhlola.
I-Penutup
Ukuphathwa kwezindawo zamanzi okusekelwe endaweni kubhekwa njengezinhlelo zendawo ezixhumene kusukela phezulu kuya phansi, okuhlanganisa izici zomzimba, zemvelo, kanye nezenhlalo. Ngosizo lwe-GIS kanye nokuzwa okukude, le ndlela ingakhomba umthombo wezinkinga, ihlele ubuthakathaka, futhi ibeke phambili ukungenelela okusebenzayo nokulinganayo. Ekugcineni, ukuphathwa kwezindawo zamanzi okunengqondo akukhona nje ukunciphisa izikhukhula noma ukuhlinzeka ngamanzi, kodwa futhi kumayelana nokugcina ibhalansi yendawo, ukuvikela izindlela zokuphila zomphakathi, nokuqinisekisa ukusimama kwezinsiza zezizukulwane ezizayo.
