Izendlalelo Zomkhathi Womhlaba kanye Nemisebenzi Yazo
Umkhathi ungqimba lwamagesi azungeze uMhlaba futhi udlala indima ebalulekile ekusekeleni impilo nasekuvikeleni iplanethi yethu ezingozini eziningi zasemkhathini. Umkhathi woMhlaba unezingqimba eziningana, ngasinye sinezici ezihlukile nemisebenzi ethile. Kulesi sihloko, sizoxoxa ngezingqimba zomkhathi woMhlaba kanye nemisebenzi yazo ngokuningiliziwe.
1. I-Troposphere
I-troposphere iyingqimba ephansi kakhulu yomkhathi woMhlaba, esukela ebusweni boMhlaba iye cishe kumakhilomitha angu-8-15. Ubukhulu bayo buyahlukahluka kuye ngendawo, buncane emaphethelweni futhi bube bukhulu enkabazwe.
Izici:
– Iqukethe cishe u-75% wesisindo sonke somkhathi.
– Izinga lokushisa liyehla ngokuphakama okuphezulu ngesivinini esingu--6,5°C ngekhilomitha.
– Lena yingqimba lapho kwenzeka khona izimo eziningi zezulu ezifana nemvula, umoya kanye neziphepho.
– Kukhona ungqimba lwe-ozone phezulu (i-troposhe-ozone) oludlala indima encane ekuhlungeni imisebe ye-UV.
Umsebenzi:
– Inikeza umoya wokuphefumula. I-troposphere iqukethe izinhlobo ezahlukene zamagesi njenge-nitrogen (78%), i-oxygen (21%), kanye namanye amagesi ngamanani amancane.
– Izindawo lapho kwenzeka khona izimo zezulu kanye nesimo sezulu.
– Idlala indima ekujikelezeni komoya okusiza ukusabalalisa ukushisa emhlabeni jikelele.
2. I-Stratosphere
I-stratosphere ingaphezulu kwe-troposphere, isukela cishe kumakhilomitha ayi-15 kuya kwangu-50 ngaphezu kobuso boMhlaba.
Izici:
– Izinga lokushisa liyakhuphuka ngokuphakama kwalolu ngqimba, ngokungafani ne-troposphere.
– Iqukethe ungqimba lwe-ozone olubaluleke kakhulu, olutholakala endaweni ephakeme ngamakhilomitha angama-20-30 ngaphezu komhlaba.
– Umoya okule lendlalelo mncane kune-troposphere.
Umsebenzi:
– Ihlunga imisebe ye-ultraviolet (UV) evela elangeni. Ngaphandle kongqimba lwe-ozone, inani lemisebe ye-UV efinyelela ebusweni boMhlaba beliyoba likhulu kakhulu, okungaholela ekwandeni kwamacala omdlavuza wesikhumba kanye nomonakalo ezitshalweni nasezilwaneni.
– Kuhlinzeka ngendawo ezinzile kakhulu yezindiza zezentengiselwano njengoba kwenzeka ukuxokozela okuncane kulolu ngqimba.
– Iqukethe ingxenye enkulu ye-ozone esemkhathini evikela ukuphila eMhlabeni emisebeni eyingozi.
3. I-Mesosphere
I-mesosphere ingaphezu kwe-stratosphere futhi isukela cishe kumakhilomitha angama-50 kuya kumakhilomitha angama-85 ngaphezu kobuso boMhlaba.
Izici:
– Amazinga okushisa ehla kakhulu lapho ukuphakama kukhuphuka, afinyelela ezingeni eliphansi cishe ku--90°C.
– Iba mncane ngokuphakama okwandayo, kodwa isaqine ngokwanele ukubhubhisa ama-meteor amancane angena emkhathini.
Umsebenzi:
– Kuvikela uMhlaba ezimotweni. Iningi lezimotweni ezingena emkhathini ziyasha e-mesosphere, okudala into eyaziwa ngokuthi “izinkanyezi ezidubulayo.”
– Kusiza inqubo yokwakha amafu angenama-noctilucent avela ebusuku emazingeni amaningana e-mesosphere.
4. I-Thermosphere
I-thermosphere isukela cishe kumakhilomitha angu-85 kuya kwangu-600 ngaphezu kobuso boMhlaba. Ingenye yezendlalelo ezishisa kakhulu zomkhathi ngoba imunca imisebe ye-X kanye nemisebe ye-ultraviolet evela elangeni.
Izici:
– Izinga lokushisa lingakhuphuka lifike ku-2.500°C noma ngaphezulu.
– Igesi kulesi sendlalelo iba yinto engavamile kakhulu futhi ama-athomu e-ionized avame ukuhlangana nawo, okubangela izimo ezifana ne-Aurora.
– I-thermosphere iqukethe ingxenye enkulu ye-ionosphere, ingxenye yomkhathi ebonakala ngokushintshashintsha kwe-ion.
Umsebenzi:
– Iqukethe i-ionosphere ekhombisa amaza omsakazo abuyela eMhlabeni, okwenza kube lula ukuxhumana okude.
– Kunciphisa ijubane lamasathelayithi angaphansi komhlaba ngoba kunomoya omncane ongabangela ukudonswa kwesathelayithi.
5. I-Exosphere
I-exosphere iwungqimba olungaphandle kakhulu lomkhathi woMhlaba, olusukela cishe kumakhilomitha angu-600 kuya ku-10.000 km noma ngaphezulu ngaphezu kobuso boMhlaba kuze kube yilapho luhlangana nesikhala.
Izici:
– Akuvamile kakhulu, kunezinhlayiya zegesi ezifana ne-hydrogen ne-helium eziqhelelene kakhulu.
– Akukho mngcele ocacile phakathi kwe-exosphere nendawo engaphandle.
– Izinhlayiya zegesi kulolu ngqimba zingahamba amakhulu amakhilomitha ngaphambi kokushayisana nezinye izinhlayiya.
Umsebenzi:
– Isebenza njengomngcele phakathi komkhathi woMhlaba nendawo.
– Iba yindawo yokuguquka lapho izinhlayiya zingabaleka khona amandla adonsela phansi oMhlaba zingene emkhathini.
Ukubaluleka Komkhathi Womhlaba
Umkhathi womhlaba awugcini nje ngokuhlinzeka ngezimo ezivumela ukuphila ngokuhlinzeka nge-oxygen yokuphefumula, kodwa futhi uvikela ukuphila emisebeni yelanga eyingozi, usiza ekulawuleni izinga lokushisa loMhlaba, futhi wenze kube lula ukuxhumana ngokubonakaliswa kwamagagasi omsakazo. Ngaphandle komkhathi, uMhlaba ubuyoba yiplanethi engahlalwa muntu njengeMars noma iNyanga.
Indima Yomkhathi Ekuphileni:
1. Ukuvikelwa kuma-Meteorite: Izingqimba zomkhathi zisivikela kuma-meteorite angenayo. Ama-meteorite amaningi ayasha ku-mesosphere.
2. Ibhalansi Yesimo Sezulu Nesimo Sezulu: I-troposphere yilapho zonke izimo zezulu zenzeka khona futhi lapho uhlelo lwesimo sezulu ludlala indima yalo ekusatshalalisweni kokushisa nokugcina ibhalansi yokushisa yomhlaba wonke.
3. Ukuhlunga Imisebe Yelanga: Ungqimba lwe-ozone lubaluleke kakhulu ekuhlungeni imisebe ye-UV eyingozi evela elangeni.
4. Isekela Inqubo Yokuphefumula: Umkhathi unikeza umoya-mpilo obalulekile ekuphefumuleni kwazo zonke izinto eziphilayo.
Izinselele kanye nezinsongo emkhathini
Nakuba umoya woMhlaba uqinile ngandlela thile, nawo usengozini yezinguquko nokuphazamiseka okubangelwa imisebenzi yabantu. Ukungcoliswa komoya, ukukhishwa kwamagesi okushisa umhlaba, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, kanye nokuncipha kwe-ozone kungenye yezinkinga ezinkulu ezisongela impilo yomkhathi wethu.
1. Ukuncipha kwe-Ozone: Ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali anjenge-CFC (ama-chlorofluorocarbon) kubangele ukuncipha kongqimba lwe-ozone, okwandisa ingozi yokuchayeka ku-UV okuyingozi.
2. Ukushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu: Ukukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa, njenge-carbon dioxide ne-methane, kunegalelo ekufudumaleni komhlaba kanye nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, okushintsha amaphethini esimo sezulu futhi kuthinta imvelo.
3. Ukungcoliswa Komoya: Amafektri, izimoto, kanye nezindawo zikagesi zikhipha ukungcola emoyeni, okungabangela izinkinga ezinkulu zempilo futhi kwehlise ikhwalithi yomoya.
Isiphetho
Umkhathi womhlaba unezingqimba ezinhlanu eziyinhloko: i-troposphere, i-stratosphere, i-mesosphere, i-thermosphere, kanye ne-exosphere. Ingqimba ngayinye inezici nemisebenzi eyingqayizivele ephelelisanayo ukudala indawo esekela ukuphila eMhlabeni. Ukuvikela nokugcina ibhalansi yomkhathi kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukusimama kokuphila eplanethini yethu. Ukuqonda umsebenzi nokubaluleka kwengqimba ngayinye yomkhathi kuzosisiza ukuba siqonde futhi siqalise izenzo ezingalondoloza impilo yomkhathi woMhlaba.
