Umqondo Wendawo Womjikelezo Wamanzi
Umjikelezo wamanzi uwuchungechunge lwezinqubo ezijikeleza amanzi njalo ukusuka ebusweni boMhlaba kuya emkhathini, bese zibuyela ebusweni boMhlaba. Ekufundweni kwejografi, umjikelezo wamanzi awuqondwa nje kuphela njengenqubo yemvelo evamile, kodwa futhi njengohlelo olunquma kakhulu ibhalansi yemvelo, ukutholakala kwamanzi, ukwakheka kwesimo sezulu nesimo sezulu, ngisho namaphethini okuphila kwabantu. Amanzi ayisici esiyisisekelo se-biosphere, futhi ukuhamba kwawo "emakamelweni" ahlukahlukene oMhlaba—ulwandle, imifula, amachibi, inhlabathi, izinguzunga zeqhwa, izinto eziphilayo, nomoya—kudala ukuxhumana kwendawo okuwukugxila okuyinhloko kwejografi.
Incazelo kanye Nesikhundla Somjikelezo Wamanzi Kwezezwe
Ngokomqondo, i-geography ifunda ngezimo ze-geosphere (i-lithosphere, umkhathi, i-hydrosphere, i-biosphere, kanye ne-anthroposphere) kanye nokusebenzisana phakathi kwezingxenye zazo. Umjikelezo wamanzi ungaphakathi kwe-hydrosphere kodwa uthonywa kakhulu umkhathi (ngokushintshashintsha kwamanzi kanye nokwakheka kwamafu), i-lithosphere (ngokungena kwamanzi kanye nokugeleza kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba), i-biosphere (ngokushintshashintsha kwamanzi), kanye ne-anthroposphere (ngokusetshenziswa komhlaba kanye nezinguquko). Ngakho-ke, umjikelezo wamanzi uyisibonelo esicacile sendlela yezwe egcizelela ubudlelwano bezimbangela nemiphumela kanye nokuxhumana phakathi kwezifunda.
Ngokombono wezinhlelo, umjikelezo wamanzi ungabhekwa njengokugeleza kwamandla nezinto. Amandla elanga aqhuba ukuhwamuka, kuyilapho amandla adonsela phansi ehambisa amanzi emuva ngemvula kanye nokugeleza kwamanzi. Ibhalansi phakathi "kokufaka" (amanzi angena endaweni) kanye "nokukhipha" (ukuphuma kwamanzi) kubalulekile ekuqondeni ibhalansi yamanzi, amathuba okukhukhula kanye nesomiso, kanye nokutholakala kwamanzi ahlanzekile.
Izigaba Eziyinhloko Zomjikelezo Wamanzi
Umjikelezo wamanzi uhilela izinqubo eziningana ezibalulekile nezihlobene. Nakuba kubonakala sengathi uphindaphinda, indlela amanzi ahamba ngayo ingahluka kuye ngezimo zemvelo zendawo ethile.
1. Ukuhwamuka
Ukuhwamuka kwamanzi inqubo lapho amanzi eshintsha khona kusukela koketshezi abe umhwamuko wamanzi ngenxa yokushisa kwelanga. Ukuhwamuka okukhulu kakhulu kwenzeka olwandle ngenxa yendawo yalo enkulu. Ngokwendawo, ukuhwamuka kwamanzi kuthonywa yizici zezulu ezifana nokushisa, isivinini somoya, umswakama, kanye namandla emisebe yelanga. Izindawo zasezindaweni ezishisayo zivame ukuba namazinga aphezulu okuhwamuka kwamanzi, kodwa umswakama ophezulu unganciphisa ukuhwamuka kwamanzi ngoba umoya usuvele ugcwele umhwamuko wamanzi.
2. Ukuphefumulela kanye nokuphefumulela ngomhwamuko
Ukuphefumulela ukukhishwa komhwamuko wamanzi ezitshalweni nge-stomata yamaqabunga. Lapho ukuhwamuko kanye nokuphefumulela kuhlanganiswa, leli gama liba yi-evapotranspiration. Le nqubo ibonisa ukuxhumana kwe-hydrosphere kanye ne-biosphere. Izindawo ezinamahlathi, isibonelo, zinganikela ngamanani amakhulu omhwamuko wamanzi emkhathini, okube sekuthinta ukwakheka kwamafu kanye namandla emvula yendawo. Ngakho-ke, izinguquko ezitshalweni zimboza, njengokugawulwa kwamahlathi, zingashintsha umjikelezo wamanzi endaweni.
3. Ukufinyela
Umhwamuko wamanzi okhuphukela emoyeni uyaphola. Lapho izinga lokushisa lehla futhi umoya ufika endaweni yokugcwala, umhwamuko wamanzi uphenduka amaconsi amanzi noma amakristalu eqhwa. Le nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi ukujiya futhi ikhiqiza amafu. Emkhathini, ukwakheka kwamafu kuhlobene nokuhamba komoya, umehluko wokucindezela, kanye ne-topography. Izintaba zivame ukuvusa umoya okhuphukayo (orographic updrafts), ukwanda kokujiya kanye nemvula ezindaweni ezithile.
4. Ukuna (Imvula, Iqhwa, noma Isichotho)
Ukuna kwemvula ukuwela kwamanzi kusuka emkhathini kuya ebusweni boMhlaba, okungaba ngesimo semvula, iqhwa, noma isichotho. Esimweni sezulu esishisayo sase-Indonesia, imvula ngokuvamile yenzeka ngesimo semvula. Ukuna kwemvula kunquma kakhulu ukusatshalaliswa kwamanzi ebusweni boMhlaba futhi kuyinto ebalulekile ekuhlukanisweni kwesimo sezulu. Amaphethini emvula athonywa yimimoya yemvula, imisinga yolwandle, izimo ze-ENSO (i-El Niño ne-La Niña), kanye nezimo zendawo njengebanga ukusuka olwandle nokuphakama.
5. Ukuvalelwa
Ngaphambi kokuba afike phansi, amanzi emvula angavinjelwa yizinsika zezihlahla, amaqabunga, noma izakhiwo. Le nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi i-interception. Kwi-geography yemvelo, i-interception ibalulekile ngoba inciphisa amandla amanzi awela ebusweni bomhlaba, ngaleyo ndlela inciphise ukuguguleka komhlabathi. Amahlathi aminyene ngokuvamile anezinga eliphezulu lokubanjwa kunamasimu avulekile.
6. Ukungena kanye nokuqhekeka
Ukungena kwamanzi yinqubo lapho amanzi engena khona enhlabathini ngemibhobho. Amanzi abe esehamba ngokujula ngokubhoboka aze afike emanzini angaphansi komhlaba. Amandla omhlabathi okumunca amanzi athonywa kakhulu ukuthungwa komhlabathi kanye nesakhiwo sawo, ukuthambekela kwemithambeka, kanye nokumbozwa komhlabathi. Izindawo ezinenhlabathi enesihlabathi kanye nezitshalo eziminyene zivame ukuba namazinga aphezulu okungena kwamanzi, kuyilapho izindawo zasemadolobheni ezimbozwe yi-asphalt kanye nekhonkrithi zincipha ukungena kwamanzi kanye nokwanda kwamanzi agelezayo.
7. Ukugeleza kwamanzi (Ukugeleza Komphezulu)
Ukugeleza kwamanzi ukugeleza kwamanzi ebusweni bomhlaba kuya emifuleni, emachibini, noma olwandle. Ukugeleza kwamanzi kuyanda lapho imvula inkulu, inhlabathi igcwele amanzi, noma ubuso bomhlaba bungakwazi ukumunca amanzi. Ngokwendawo yemvelo, ukugeleza kwamanzi kuhlobene kakhulu nokwakheka kwamanethiwekhi emifula, ukuguguleka komhlaba, ukuthuthwa kwenhlabathi, kanye nethuba lezikhukhula. Amadolobha amakhulu asengozini yezikhukhula ngenxa yobuningi bezindawo ezingangeni amanzi kanye nezinhlelo zokudonsa amanzi ezinganele.
8. Ukugeleza Kwamanzi Angaphansi Komhlaba
Amanzi asebe ngamanzi angaphansi komhlaba angageleza kancane eceleni komthambeka wezingxenye zamadwala, aphume njengemithombo, noma abe umthombo wokugeleza kwamanzi emifuleni, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sesomiso. Amanzi angaphansi komhlaba nawo abalulekile ekuhlinzekeni ngamanzi ahlanzekile. Ngokwesimo sendawo yabantu, ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba kungaholela ekuweni komhlaba kanye nokungena kwamanzi olwandle ezindaweni ezisogwini.
Izinhlobo Zomjikelezo We-Hydrological
Ngokuvamile, umjikelezo wamanzi ungahlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezintathu ngokusekelwe endleleni yawo yokujikeleza:
1. Umjikelezo omfushane (omncane): Amanzi olwandle ayahwamuka, aphenduke umhwamuko, bese ewa njengemvula ebuyela olwandle.
2. Umjikelezo ophakathi nendawo: Amanzi olwandle ayahwamuka, amafu ayahamba aye ezweni, awe njengemvula, bese amanzi egeleza ngemifula abuyele olwandle.
3. Umjikelezo omude (omkhulu): Uhilela inqubo yokubanda ngesimo seqhwa noma amaqhwa, kanye namanzi abuyela olwandle ngokuncibilika kweqhwa nokugeleza komfula. Umjikelezo omude uvame kakhulu ezindaweni ezifudumele nezibandayo.
Umjikelezo Wamanzi kanye Nendlela Yokusebenza Kwendawo KweJografi
Ukuhluka kwendawo ukuthi kugcizelela ukuhlukahluka kwesifunda. Umjikelezo wamanzi ezindaweni ezinezintaba uhlukile kowasezindaweni eziphansi, ezindaweni ezisogwini, noma ezindaweni zasemadolobheni. Izintaba zivame ukusebenza "njengemibhoshongo yamanzi" ngoba zibamba imvula ye-orographic, zigcina amanzi emhlabathini, futhi zisebenza njengemithombo yamanzi emifula. Okwamanje, izindawo ezisogwini zibhekene nezinselele ezifana nokungena kwamanzi olwandle kanye nosawoti. Emadolobheni, izinguquko zokusetshenziswa komhlaba zishintsha ibhalansi phakathi kokungena kwamanzi kanye nokugeleza kwamanzi, okwandisa ingozi yezikhukhula.
Umqondo wendawo uyabonakala futhi ekuhlukanisweni kwezigodi zemifula (i-DAS). I-watershed iyunithi yendawo ezungezwe yiziqongo, lapho amanzi emvula egeleza khona eya endaweni eyodwa yokuphuma, njengomfula omkhulu. Ukuhlaziywa kwe-watershed kubalulekile ekuhleleni imvelo, ukulondolozwa kwenhlabathi, ukulawulwa kwezikhukhula, kanye nokuhlinzekwa kwamanzi ahlanzekile.
Umthelela Wemisebenzi Yabantu Emjikelezweni Wamanzi
Imisebenzi yabantu ingaphazamisa ibhalansi yomjikelezo wamanzi. Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kunciphisa ukuhwamuka kwamanzi kanye nokuvinjelwa, kwandisa ukugeleza kwamanzi ebusweni kanye nokuguguleka komhlabathi, futhi kusheshise ukugcwala kwamanzi emifuleni. Ukuhlala emadolobheni kunciphisa izindawo ezigcina amanzi, kwandisa ukugeleza kwamanzi, futhi kwenza izikhukhula zibe zivamile futhi zibe zimbi kakhulu. Ezolimo ezijulile ezineziniselelo ezinkulu zingashintsha ibhalansi yamanzi, kuyilapho ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba kuholela ezinkingeni zamanzi kanye nokuwohloka kwemvelo.
Imizamo yokugcina umjikelezo ozinzile wamanzi yenziwa ngokulondolozwa kwamahlathi, ukuvuselelwa komhlaba obalulekile, ukwakhiwa kwemithombo yokungena kanye nezindawo zokugcina amanzi, ukuphathwa okuhlanganisiwe kwamanzi, kanye nokulondolozwa kwamanzi. Endaweni yokuthuthukiswa, izinqubomgomo zokuhlela indawo ezicabangela izindawo ezigcina amanzi, imingcele yemifula, kanye nengozi yezinhlekelele ziyisihluthulelo sokuqinisekisa ukusimama kwemithombo yamanzi.
I-Penutup
Umjikelezo wamanzi uwumqondo oyisisekelo kwezendawo ochaza indlela amanzi ajikeleza futhi asekela ngayo impilo eMhlabeni. Izinqubo ezinjengokuhwamuka kwamanzi, ukuminyana, imvula, ukungena kwamanzi, kanye nokugeleza kwamanzi zakha uhlelo oluguquguqukayo oluthonywa isimo sezulu, inhlabathi, ukuma komhlaba, izitshalo, kanye nemisebenzi yabantu. Ukuqonda umjikelezo wamanzi ngokwendawo kusho ukuqonda ubudlelwano phakathi kwezinto ze-geosphere kanye nokwehluka kwendawo esifundeni ngasinye. Lolu lwazi lubalulekile ekuphathweni kwemithombo yamanzi, ekunciphiseni izikhukhula kanye nesomiso, kanye nokugcina ibhalansi yemvelo ukuze kuqhubeke izizukulwane zamanje nezesikhathi esizayo.
