Umqondo Womjikelezo Wamanzi Kwezezwe
I-Pendahuluan
Umjikelezo wamanzi, owaziwa nangokuthi umjikelezo wamanzi, ungumqondo oyisisekelo kwezesayensi yejografi kanye nezemvelo. Le nqubo yemvelo ichaza indlela amanzi ahamba ngayo, ashintsha ngayo isimo sawo, futhi aphinde asetshenziswe kuyo yonke indawo, okuhlanganisa umkhathi, izilwandle, imifula, umhlaba kanye neqhwa. Ukufunda umjikelezo wamanzi kusisiza siqonde ukuguquguquka kwamanzi, okubalulekile empilweni eMhlabeni, kanye nomthelela wawo esimweni sezulu, ezindabeni zemvelo, kanye nokuphila kwabantu.
Izigaba Emjikelezweni Wamanzi
Umjikelezo wamanzi uqukethe izigaba eziningana eziyinhloko ezixhumene futhi eziqhubekayo njalo. Lezi zigaba zilandelayo.
1. Ukuhwamuka Nokuphefumulela
Ukuhwamuka kwamanzi inqubo yokuhwamuka kwamanzi esuka ebusweni bolwandle, emachibini, emifuleni, nakwezinye izidumbu zamanzi aye emkhathini ngenxa yokushisa kwelanga. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuhwamuka kwamanzi kuyinqubo yokuhwamuka kwamanzi nge-stomata yezitshalo. Inhlanganisela yalezi zinqubo ezimbili ivame ukubizwa ngokuthi i-evapotraspiration. Ngokuhwamuka kwamanzi, amanzi ashintsha kusuka kuketshezi abe yigesi bese engena emkhathini.
2. Ukufinyela
Uma umhwamuko wamanzi ukhuphukela emkhathini, uyaqina. Lokhu kwenzeka lapho umoya oqukethe umhwamuko wamanzi uphola ezindaweni eziphakeme. Umhwamuko wamanzi ube usushintsha ube amaconsi amanzi noma iqhwa, wakhe amafu. Le nqubo incike kakhulu ekushiseni komoya kanye nomswakama ohlobene.
3. Ukuna kwemvula
Uma amaconsi amanzi noma iqhwa emafwini lihlangana libe likhulu futhi libe nzima, liwela eMhlabeni njengemvula. Imvula ingathatha isimo semvula, iqhwa, iqhwa, noma iqhwa, kuye ngezimo zomkhathi kanye nokushisa kobuso boMhlaba. Imvula iwumthombo oyinhloko wamanzi angaphansi komhlaba kanye namanzi angaphezulu asekela ukuphila eMhlabeni.
4. Ukugeleza Komphezulu
Amanzi awela phezu komhlaba angageleza emhlabathini njengokugeleza komhlaba. Le nqubo idlala indima ebalulekile ekugugulekeni komhlabathi kanye nokuthuthwa kwenhlabathi. Ukugeleza komhlabathi kungaphelela emanzini anjengemifula, amachibi, noma izilwandle, noma kungamuncwa enhlabathini.
5. Ukungena kanye nokuqhekeka
Amanye amanzi awela ebusweni boMhlaba angena emhlabathini ngenqubo ebizwa ngokuthi ukungena emanzini. Ngemva kokungena emhlabathini, amanzi ahamba ngezingqimba zomhlabathi kanye namadwala ngenxa yamandla adonsela phansi, inqubo eyaziwa ngokuthi i-percolation. Amanzi ahlala ngaphansi komhlaba agcinwa emanzini angaphansi komhlaba futhi abizwa ngokuthi amanzi angaphansi komhlaba.
6. Ukugeleza kwamanzi kanye nokugeleza kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba
Amanzi angangeni noma angaphinde amunce emkhathini agcina egeleza emanzini angaphansi komhlaba, ekugcineni egeleza olwandle, emachibini, noma emifuleni. Lo mjikelezo uyaziphinda, ugcina ibhalansi yamanzi oMhlaba.
Izici Ezithinta Umjikelezo Wamanzi
Ziningi izinto ezithonya ukusebenza kahle kanye nesivinini somjikelezo wamanzi. Nazi ezinye zazo.
1. Isimo Sezulu Nesimo Sezulu
Isimo sezulu nesimo sezulu kudlala indima enkulu ekuthonyeni umjikelezo wamanzi. Amazinga okushisa aphezulu andisa amazinga okuhwamuka kwamanzi kanye nokuphefumula, kuyilapho imvula ephezulu ithonya amanani emvula. Ukwehluka kwesimo sezulu somhlaba wonke njenge-El Niño ne-La Niña nakho kuthonya amaphethini emvula kanye namazinga okushisa emhlabeni jikelele, okuthinta umjikelezo wamanzi.
2. Imifino
Ukuba khona kwezitshalo kwenza kube lula ukugeleza kwamanzi futhi kusiza ukungena kwamanzi enhlabathini. Amahlathi, isibonelo, asiza ukugcina amanzi angaphansi komhlaba futhi anciphise ingozi yezikhukhula, kuyilapho umhlaba ongatshalwanga uthambekele ekugugulekeni nasekugelezeni kwamanzi amaningi.
3. I-Topography
Ukuma kanye nokwehlela kobuso bomhlaba nakho kuthinta ukugeleza kwamanzi kanye nokungena kwawo. Izindawo ezinesimo sendawo esiqinile zivame ukuba nokugeleza kwamanzi okusheshayo kanye namazinga aphansi okungena kwamanzi. Lokhu kungaholela ezikhukhuleni nasekugugulekeni komhlaba.
4. Imisebenzi Yabantu
Imisebenzi yabantu efana nokukhula kwezindawo zasemadolobheni, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, kanye nezolimo ezijulile zithinta kakhulu umjikelezo wamanzi. Ukuthuthukiswa kwengqalasizinda, njengemigwaqo nezakhiwo, kunciphisa izindawo ezingena emanzini futhi kwandisa ukugeleza kwamanzi ebusweni. Imikhuba yezolimo engenasibopho ingaholela ekugugulekeni kwenhlabathi kanye nokungcoliswa kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba.
Umthelela Wokushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu Emjikelezweni Wamanzi
Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kunomthelela omkhulu emjikelezweni wamanzi. Ukwenyuka kwamazinga okushisa omhlaba kuthinta zonke izigaba zomjikelezo wamanzi. Nazi ezinye zezinkinga.
1. Ukwanda Kokuhwamuka Komoya
Ukwenyuka kwamazinga okushisa emhlabeni wonke kwandisa izinga lokuhwamuka kwamanzi. Lokhu kunganciphisa inani lamanzi emanzini afana namachibi nemifula, okuthinta ukutholakala kwamanzi kubantu nasezindaweni zemvelo.
2. Amaphethini Okuna Okungajwayelekile
Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kubangela amaphethini emvula angajwayelekile, kanye nezikhathi ezinde zesomiso kanye neziphepho ezinamandla kakhulu. Lokhu kuthinta amazinga okushaja amanzi angaphansi komhlaba kanye nokutholakala kwamanzi angaphezulu komhlaba.
3. Iqhwa Elincibilikayo Namaqhwa Ancibilikayo
Ukwenyuka kwamazinga okushisa emhlabeni nakho kubangela ukuncibilika kweqhwa kanye namaqhwa ezindaweni ezibandayo nezezintaba. Lokhu kuphakamisa amazinga olwandle futhi kuholele ezikhukhuleni zasogwini kanye nokulahlekelwa izindawo zokuhlala zemvelo njengezindawo ezinamanzi.
4. Izinguquko Ekugelezeni Komfula
Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kungaholela nasekushintsheni kwamaphethini okugeleza kwemifula. Imifula ingase ithole ukugeleza okuphezulu ngesikhathi semvula kanye nokugeleza okuphansi ngesikhathi sesomiso. Lokhu kungathinta ezolimo, izindawo zokuhlala zemvelo kanye nokutholakala kwamanzi kwabakhileyo.
Ukubaluleka Kokuphathwa Kwamanzi Okusimeme
Njengoba kunezici eziningi kangaka ezithonya umjikelezo wamanzi kanye nomthelela wawo empilweni, ukuphathwa kwamanzi okusimeme kubalulekile. Nazi ezinye izindlela zokufeza ukuphathwa kwamanzi okusimeme.
1. Ukulondolozwa Kwemithombo Yamanzi
Ukulondoloza nokuvikela imithombo yamanzi ekungcoleni nasekusetshenzisweni kabi kakhulu kubalulekile ekugcineni ibhalansi emjikelezweni wamanzi. Lokhu kuhlanganisa imizamo yokubuyisela imvelo yasemanzini nokusebenzisa imikhuba yezolimo enobungani nemvelo.
2. Ukusetshenziswa Kwamanzi Okusebenzayo
Ukusebenzisa amanzi ngendlela ephumelelayo emikhakheni ehlukahlukene, njengezolimo, izimboni kanye nemindeni, kungasiza ekunciphiseni ingcindezi emithonjeni yamanzi. Ubuchwepheshe besimanje bokunisela kanye nezinhlelo zokuhlanzeka ezisebenzayo ziyizibonelo zezindlela zokonga amanzi.
3. Ukuphathwa Kwezikhukhula Nesomiso
Ukuthuthukisa ingqalasizinda ekwazi ukumelana nezikhukhula kanye nezinhlelo zokuphatha isomiso kungasiza ekunciphiseni imiphumela yokushintshashintsha okukhulu kwesimo sezulu. Lokhu kungafaka phakathi amadamu okugcina amanzi, ukufaka amasimu okuvimbela ukuguguleka komhlabathi, kanye nezinhlelo zokuxwayisa kusenesikhathi.
4. Imfundo Nokuqwashisa Umphakathi
Imfundo kanye nokuqwashisa ngokubaluleka kwamanzi kanye nendlela yokuwaphatha ngendlela eqhubekayo kuyizinyathelo ezibalulekile. Ukubandakanya imiphakathi ekulondolozweni kwamanzi kanye nemikhuba enobungani nemvelo kungasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi imithombo yamanzi ihlala izinzile ezizukulwaneni ezizayo.
Isiphetho
Umjikelezo wamanzi uyinto yemvelo eyinkimbinkimbi kodwa ebalulekile empilweni eMhlabeni. Ukuqonda isigaba ngasinye somjikelezo wamanzi kanye nezici eziwuthintayo kubalulekile ekugcineni ibhalansi ye-ecosystem kanye nokusimama komuntu. Njengoba ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kuletha izinselele ezintsha, imizamo yokubambisana kanye nokuphathwa okuhlakaniphile kuyadingeka ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amanzi ahlala etholakala futhi ehlanzekile kuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo.
