Ukuhlukaniswa Kwesimo Sezulu Esishisayo e-Indonesia
I-Pendahuluan
I-Indonesia, isiqhingi esiphakathi koLwandlekazi iPacific ne-Indian, idume ngokuhlukahluka kwamasiko nemvelo. Esinye sezici ezikhanga kakhulu kuleli lizwe isimo sezulu salo esishisayo, esithinta kakhulu ukuhlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo, imisebenzi yezolimo, ngisho nendlela yokuphila. Kulesi sihloko, sizoxoxa ngokuhlukaniswa kwesimo sezulu esishisayo sase-Indonesia, izici ezisithonyayo, kanye nomthelela waso ezintweni eziphilayo kanye nokuphila kwansuku zonke.
Izici Ezithonya Isimo Sezulu Esishisayo e-Indonesia
Kunezici eziningana ezithonya isimo sezulu e-Indonesia, okuhlanganisa:
1. Indawo Yezinkanyezi Neyezindawo:
– I-Indonesia itholakala eceleni kwe-equator, phakathi kuka-95° East no-141° East kanye no-6° North kanye no-11° South. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izwe lithola ilanga cishe unyaka wonke.
2. Umfutho Womoya kanye Nemimoya Yemvula:
– Izinguquko zesizini e-Indonesia zithonywa kakhulu yimimoya yemvula, eletha imimoya evela e-Indian noma e-Pacific Ocean, futhi iholele ezinkathini ezimbili ezivelele, okungukuthi isizini yemvula kanye nesizini eyomile.
3. Ukuma kwendawo:
– I-Indonesia inezindawo ezihlukahlukene kakhulu, kusukela ezindaweni eziphansi nasezintabeni kuya ezigodini. Lokhu kunegalelo ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu esincane kuzo zonke izifunda.
4. Ithonya Lolwandle:
– Njengesizwe esihlala ezindaweni ezizungezile, izilwandle ezizungezile i-Indonesia zithonya izinga lokushisa lomoya kanye nomswakama. Ukuhwamuka komoya olwandle kwandisa umswakama kanye nemvula ezindaweni ezithile.
Ukuhlukaniswa Kwesimo Sezulu e-Indonesia
Isimo sezulu sase-Indonesia singahlukaniswa ngezindlela eziningana ngezindinganiso ezahlukene. Kodwa-ke, ngokuvamile, i-Köppen Climate Classification, i-Schmidt-Ferguson Climate Classification, kanye ne-Oldeman Classification yizona ezisetshenziswa kakhulu.
1. Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-Köppen
Le ndlela ingenye yezinhlelo zokuhlukaniswa kwesimo sezulu eziqashelwa kakhulu emhlabeni jikelele. Ngokusekelwe kulolu hlobo lokuhlukaniswa, isimo sezulu sase-Indonesia siwela kakhulu esigabeni sesimo sezulu esishisayo, okungukuthi:
– Af (Ihlathi Lemvula LaseTropical): Izindawo ezinemvula ephezulu cishe unyaka wonke. Izibonelo zifaka phakathi iningi leSumatra, iKalimantan, iPapua, kanye nezindawo ezinamahlathi ezizungeze i-equator.
– Am (Imvula YaseTropical): Izindawo ezinesizini esifushane sesomiso. Imvula ephezulu kakhulu yenzeka ngesikhathi semvula. Izibonelo zifaka phakathi izingxenye zeJava, izingxenye zeSulawesi, kanye neNusa Tenggara.
– Aw (Tropical Savanna): Izindawo ezinesizini ende yesomiso. Izibonelo zifaka phakathi ingxenye enkulu ye-East Nusa Tenggara kanye neningizimu yePapua.
2. Ukuhlukaniswa kukaSchmidt-Ferguson
Lolu hlelo lwasungulwa ngu-H.A. Ferguson no-E. Schmidt ngo-1951, oluhlukanisa izimo zezulu ngokusekelwe esilinganisweni sezinyanga ezomile nezimanzi. Nazi izinhlobo zesimo sezulu ngokusho kukaSchmidt-Ferguson:
– Indawo A: Izinyanga ezimanzi ezihlala isikhathi esingaphezu kwezinyanga ezingu-9. Ngokuvamile zitholakala ezindaweni ezinemvula ephezulu kakhulu.
– Indawo B: Izinyanga ezimanzi phakathi kwezinyanga ezingu-7-9. Kufana nendawo A, kodwa komile kancane.
– Indawo C: Izinyanga ezimanzi zihlala phakathi kwezinyanga ezi-5-6. Izibonelo zale ndawo yizingxenye zeKalimantan neSumatra.
– Indawo D: Izinyanga ezimanzi zihlala phakathi kwezinyanga ezi-3-4. Izibonelo zifaka ingxenye eseningizimu yeJava kanye nengxenye enkulu yeSulawesi.
– Indawo E: Izinyanga zemvula zihlala phakathi kwenyanga eyodwa kuya kwezimbili. Lesi sifunda sinesikhathi eside sesomiso.
– Indawo F: Izinyanga ezimanzi zihlala isikhathi esingaphansi kwenyanga eyodwa. Ngokuvamile zitholakala ezindaweni ezomile kakhulu njengezingxenye zeNusa Tenggara.
3. Ukuhlukaniswa kuka-Oldman
Lolu hlelo lusetshenziselwa izinjongo zezolimo ngokuhlukanisa izimo zezulu ngokusekelwe enanini lezinyanga lapho imvula idlula amamilimitha angu-200. U-Oldeman wahlukanisa izimo zezulu ngezindawo ezinhlanu:
– Indawo A: Izindawo ezinemvula engaphezu kuka-200 mm izinyanga ezingu-≥9 kanye nangaphansi kuka-100 mm izinyanga ezingu-<2. Isibonelo, izindawo zaseSumatra kanye nentshonalanga yePapua. - Indawo B: Izindawo ezinemvula engaphezu kuka-200 mm ngo-7-9 Isibonelo, iningi lesifunda saseKalimantan Sumatra. - C 5-6 Trans Fly eningizimu. - D 3-4 Ngokuvamile itholakala eNusa Tenggara. - E <3 Itholakala ezindaweni ezomile kakhulu njengaseMpumalanga-mpumalanga. Umthelela Wesimo Sezulu Esishisayo Ezindaweni Zokuphila Isimo Sezulu Esishisayo sase-Indonesia sithinta izici ezahlukene zokuphila kwale ndawo. Nazi ezinye zemiphumela ebalulekile:
1. Ukuhlukahluka Kwezinto Eziphilayo: - Ukuhlukahluka kwezitshalo nezilwane kucebile kakhulu futhi kuyingqayizivele e-Indonesia. Amahlathi emvula asezindaweni ezishisayo ahlinzeka ngendawo yokuhlala yezinhlobo ezingavamile njengezingwe zaseSumatran, ama-orangutan, kanye nezinhlobo ezahlukene zezitshalo zokwelapha. 2. Ezolimo Nomnotho: - Izinhlobo ezahlukene zesimo sezulu kulo lonke elase-Indonesia zithinta imisebenzi yezolimo. Izindawo ezinemvula ephezulu zifanelekela ukulima irayisi, kanti izindawo ezomile zifanele izitshalo ezifana nommbila nobhontshisi. - Isimo sezulu sithinta nezikhathi zokutshala nokuvuna, kanye nokukhiqiza umhlaba wezolimo. 3. Ezokuvakasha: - Isimo sezulu sasezindaweni ezishisayo sidonsela izivakashi ngamabhishi angavamile, izindawo zemvelo zezivakashi, kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezihlukile. - Kodwa-ke, ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu nesimo sezulu esibi kungaba nemiphumela emibi kwezokuvakasha, njengezikhukhula noma imililo yamahlathi. 4. Impilo: - Umswakama ophezulu usekela ukuba khona kwezifo ezahlukahlukene njengomiyane abathwala umkhuhlane we-dengue kanye ne-malaria. - Imvula ephezulu kanye nezinhlelo zokuhambisa amanzi ezimbi kungabangela izikhukhula kanye nezifo ezithwalwa ngamanzi njenge-leptospirosis ezisakazeka kalula. Isiphetho Isimo sezulu sasezindaweni ezishisayo e-Indonesia siyisici esibalulekile esithinta cishe zonke izici zokuphila kuleli zwe. Kusukela ekuhlakanipheni kwendawo kwezolimo kuya kwezokuvakasha okunesu, lokhu kuqonda isimo sezulu kuyisihluthulelo sokuphathwa okungcono kwemithombo yemvelo kanye nokuzivumelanisa nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu esikhathini esizayo. Ngokulondoloza ibhalansi phakathi kokuxhashazwa kanye nokuvikelwa kwemvelo, i-Indonesia ingaqhubeka nokujabulela ingcebo yayo yemvelo neyamasiko engenakuqhathaniswa.