Amasu Okumodela Angaphansi Komhlaba Nge-Geophysics
I-Geophysics igatsha lesayensi yomhlaba elisebenzisa izimiso zefiziksi nezindlela zezibalo ukutadisha izakhiwo kanye nesakhiwo soMhlaba. Enye yezindlela eziyinhloko zokusebenzisa i-geophysics ukumodela okungaphansi komhlaba, okubaluleke kakhulu emikhakheni ehlukahlukene njengokuhlola izinsiza zemvelo (uwoyela, igesi, kanye namaminerali), ukunciphisa izinhlekelele zemvelo, kanye nokuphathwa kwemvelo. Le ndlela isebenzisa idatha evela ezilinganisweni zomzimba endaweni noma eduze kwendawo ukuze inikeze ulwazi mayelana nesakhiwo kanye nokwakheka kwendawo engaphansi komhlaba. Lesi sihloko sizobuyekeza ngokuphelele amasu okumodela okungaphansi komhlaba kusetshenziswa i-geophysics.
Amasu E-Geophysical Okwenza Amamodeli Angaphansi Komhlaba
1. Ukuzindla Nokugqama Kwesimo Sezwe
Ukuzindla kanye nokucwenga kwe-seismic kuyizindlela ezibalulekile ekuhlolweni kwe-hydrocarbon kanye nokuhlolwa kwesakhiwo se-subsurface. Ekubonisweni kwe-seismic, amagagasi okucwenga akhishwa emthonjeni wokucwenga kwe-seismic (njengokuqhuma okuncane noma ukushaywa ngesando) bese ebuyiselwa emuva yizingqimba zamadwala ezahlukene ngesivinini esihlukahlukene kanye ne-acoustic impedances. Amagagasi abonakalisiwe abese ebanjwa yizinzwa (ama-geophone noma ama-hydrophone) bese eqoshwa. Lokhu kuqoshwa kucutshungulwa kube amaphrofayili okucwenga kwe-seismic abonisa isakhiwo se-subsurface. Ukuzindla kwe-seismic, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuhilela ukulinganisa ukuthi amagagasi okucwenga kwe-seismic acwenga kanjani njengoba ehamba ngezingqimba ngesivinini esihlukile. Le ndlela iyasebenza ekudwebeni ukujula kwezingqimba kanye namadwala angajulile.
2. Umagnetic
Izindlela zikamaginethi zisetshenziselwa ukuthola ukungalingani ensimini kamaginethi yoMhlaba okubangelwa umehluko ezimpahleni zikamaginethi zamatshe angaphansi komhlaba. Le ndlela ivame ukusetshenziswa ekuhloleni amaminerali, ezifundweni zezintaba-mlilo, nasekuphenyweni kwezakhiwo zejiyoloji zesifunda. Ukulinganisa kwenziwa kusetshenziswa ama-magnetometer angafakwa phansi, emoyeni (insimu kamaginethi eqhutshwa emoyeni), noma ngaphansi kwamanzi. Idatha kamaginethi iyacutshungulwa ukuze kutholakale ukuba khona kwemizimba ye-sulfide ore kanye nezinye izakhiwo ezinkulu zejiyoloji.
3. Amandla adonsela phansi
Ukulinganiswa kwamandla adonsela phansi kusetshenziselwa ukuthola ukwehluka kobuningi emadwaleni angaphansi komhlaba. Le ndlela isekelwe esimisweni sokuthi insimu yamandla adonsela phansi yoMhlaba iyahlukahluka ngokuya ngokusatshalaliswa kwesisindo samadwala ngaphansi komhlaba. Ukungalingani kwamandla adonsela phansi kutholwa kusetshenziswa ama-gravimeter azwela kakhulu ensimini bese kuhlaziywa ukuze kunikezwe ulwazi mayelana nesakhiwo se-geological kanye nemodeli ye-subsurface. Le ndlela ivame ukusetshenziselwa ukuhlola ama-hydrocarbon, ukuhlola kwe-geological, kanye nezifundo zesakhiwo somhlaba.
4. I-Geoelectric (Ukumelana)
I-geoelectricity, noma i-resistivity, iyindlela elinganisa ukumelana kukagesi kwamadwala angaphansi komhlaba. Le ndlela isebenza ngokudlulisa ugesi ngama-electrode afakwe emhlabathini bese ilinganisa umehluko ongaba khona phakathi kwawo. Idatha ye-resistivity etholakele iyacutshungulwa ukuze kukhiqizwe izingxenye ezingezona ezemvelo ezibonisa ukwehluka kokumelana komhlaba. Le ndlela isebenza kahle kakhulu ekuhloleni amanzi angaphansi komhlaba, ezifundweni zokungcoliswa kwenhlabathi, kanye nokumaka izakhiwo ze-geological eziseduze komhlaba.
5. I-Electromagnetic
Izindlela ze-electromagnetic zisebenzisa umehluko ezimpahleni ze-electromagnetic ukuze zidwebe izakhiwo ezingaphansi komhlaba. Ezinhlolovo ze-electromagnetic, amasimu e-electromagnetic ayakhishwa futhi impendulo yamatshe angaphansi komhlaba iyalinganiswa. Amasu asetshenziswa kakhulu afaka phakathi izindlela ze-Transient Electromagnetic (TEM) kanye ne-Magnetotellurics (MT). Idatha etholakele ibe isihunyushwa ukuze kutholakale izingqimba zamadwala ezinokuguquguquka kokuqhuba, okusiza ekuhlolweni kwamaminerali kanye nasekufundweni kwezakhiwo ze-geological.
Izigaba Zokumodela Ezingaphansi Komhlaba
1. Ukuqoqwa Kwedatha
Isinyathelo sokuqala ekubumbeni okungaphansi komhlaba ukuqoqa idatha ensimini. Le datha ingaba ukulinganisa kokuzamazama komhlaba, okunezibuthe, okudonsela phansi, noma okune-geoelectric okutholakala ngokuhlola kwendawo kusetshenziswa imishini efanele ye-geophysical.
2. Ukucutshungulwa Kwedatha
Idatha eluhlaza etholakala ensimini iyacutshungulwa ukuze kususwe umsindo futhi kutholakale ulwazi olucacile. Ukucubungula idatha ye-seismic, isibonelo, kuhilela izinqubo ezifana nokuhlunga, ukuhlanganisa, kanye nokufuduka ukuze kutholakale isithombe esingcono sesakhiwo esingaphansi komhlaba. Kudatha yamagnetic kanye neyamandla adonsela phansi, ukucubungula idatha kuhlanganisa ukulungiswa kokukhukhuleka, ukulungiswa kwendawo, kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwezimo ezingavamile zesifunda nezendawo.
3. Ukuguqulwa Kwedatha
Ukuguqulwa kuyinqubo yokuguqula idatha elinganisiwe ibe yimodeli engaphansi komhlaba ekhombisa ukusatshalaliswa kwezakhiwo ezibonakalayo (njengejubane lamagagasi okuzamazama komhlaba, ubuningi, noma ukumelana) kwedwala. Inqubo yokuguqulwa ngokuvamile ihilela ukusetshenziswa kwama-algorithms okwenza ngcono kanye nokumodela kwangaphambili ukuze kufaniswe idatha elinganisiwe ngokuphindaphindekayo nezibikezelo zemodeli.
4. Ukuhumusha
Imiphumela yokuguqulwa kwedatha ibe isichazwa ososayensi be-geophysicists kanye nososayensi be-geology ukuze bathole ukuqonda okungcono kwesakhiwo kanye nezakhiwo zangaphansi komhlaba. Lokhu kuchazwa kuhlanganisa ukuhlonza izici ezibalulekile ze-geological ezifana namaphutha, ama-fold, izingqimba zamanzi e-hydrocarbon, ama-aquifer, kanye nemizimba ye-mineral ore.
5. Ukuqinisekiswa Kwemodeli Nokuqinisekiswa
Imodeli ephumayo idinga ukuqinisekiswa nokuqinisekiswa ngedatha eyengeziwe noma ezinye izinhlobo zokuhlola ukuqinisekisa ukunemba nokuvumelana. Ukumba ukuhlola ngezinye izikhathi kusetshenziselwa ukuqinisekisa imodeli engaphansi komhlaba ekhiqizwe ezifundweni ze-geophysical. Le datha yokumba inganikeza ulwazi oluqondile mayelana nohlobo lwedwala, ubudala, kanye nezinye izakhiwo zomzimba ezingaqhathaniswa nemiphumela yemodeli ye-geophysical.
Izinzuzo kanye nezinselele ekubumbeni i-Subsurface
I-Keuntungan
1. Azibhubhisi: Amasu e-geophysical awabhubhisi, avumela ukuthi kwenziwe ucwaningo ngaphandle kwesidingo sokumba noma ukumba okungaphazamisa imvelo.
2. Ukusebenza Kahle Kwezindleko: uma kuqhathaniswa nezindlela zokubhoboza ngqo, amasu e-geophysical ashibhile kakhulu futhi ashesha kakhulu ekutholeni ulwazi lokuqala mayelana nendawo engaphansi komhlaba.
3. Ukusabalala Okubanzi: Amasu e-Geophysical avumela ukuhlolwa kwezindawo ezinkulu ngesikhathi esifushane, enikeza isithombe esiphelele sezinsizakusebenza ze-geological noma izingozi ezingaba khona.
4. Idatha Ejulile: Ezinye izindlela zinganikeza ulwazi mayelana nezendlalelo ezijulile kakhulu, okunzima ukuzifinyelela ngezindlela ezivamile.
Inselele
1. Isixazululo Esilinganiselwe: Amanye amasu e-geophysical angase angakwazi ukunikeza isisombululo esiphezulu, ikakhulukazi ekujuleni okukhulu.
2. Ukuchazwa Okungacaci: Idatha ye-geophysical ivame ukungacaci futhi idinga ukuchazwa ngokucophelela ukuze kugwenywe ukuchazwa kabi.
3. Ukuthembela Ezimweni Zensimu: Ukusebenza kahle kwamasu e-geophysical kuncike kakhulu ezimweni zensimu njengohlobo lwamadwala, ukuma komhlaba, kanye nokuba khona komsindo ovela kweminye imithombo (njengengqalasizinda yabantu).
Isiphetho
Ukumodela kwe-geophysical subsurface kuyithuluzi eliwusizo lezimboni ezahlukahlukene kanye nocwaningo lwe-geological. Ngokuhlanganisa izindlela eziningi ze-geophysical, singathola isithombe esiphelele sesakhiwo kanye nezakhiwo zamatshe angaphansi komhlaba, okubalulekile ekuhlolweni kwemithombo yemvelo, ukunciphisa izinhlekelele, kanye nokuphathwa kwemvelo. Kodwa-ke, impumelelo yalezi zinhlobo incike kakhulu ekuqoqweni kwedatha okunembile, ukucubungula okufanele, kanye nokuchazwa kobungcweti. Ngokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kobuchwepheshe kanye nezindlela zokuhlaziya, ikusasa lokumodela kwe-geophysical subsurface libonakala likhanya kakhulu futhi livuza.
