Ukusetshenziswa Kwezindlela Zokuzamazama Komhlaba Ekuhloleni Amanzi Egesi
I-Pendahuluan
Ama-gas hydrate, avame ukubizwa ngokuthi “iqhwa le-methane,” ayizinhlanganisela zekristalu ezakhiwe ngama-molecule amanzi abamba ama-molecule egesi ye-methane ngaphakathi kwawo. Ama-gas hydrate atholakala ngaphansi kolwandle ekujuleni okuthile lapho umfutho ophezulu kanye namazinga okushisa aphansi kuvumela ukwakheka kwawo. Ngokusho kwezinye izilinganiso, inani le-methane elivalelwe ngaphakathi kwama-gas hydrate lingaba likhulu kakhulu kunawo wonke ama-gas organic reserves aziwa njengamanje.
Njengomthombo wamandla wesikhathi esizayo, ukuhlola i-gas hydrate sekuyinto yocwaningo edonsela ukunaka ezikhungweni ezahlukene. Kodwa-ke, ukuhlola i-gas hydrate kuletha izinselele ezinkulu zobuchwepheshe, ikakhulukazi ekutholeni nasekubhaleni indawo yayo. Yilapho izindlela zokuzamazama komhlaba zidlala khona indima ebalulekile.
Izimiso Eziyisisekelo Zezindlela Zokuzamazama Komhlaba
Indlela yokuzamazama komhlaba iyindlela yokuhlola i-geophysical esebenzisa amaza anwebekayo ukuhlola isakhiwo se-subsurface yoMhlaba. Le ndlela ingakhiqiza izithombe ezinobukhulu obuthathu ze-subsurface, okusiza ekuboneni ukuba khona kwama-hydrocarbon, okuhlanganisa nama-gas hydrate. Ngokuvamile, izindlela zokuzamazama komhlaba zingahlukaniswa zibe yi-reflection seismic kanye ne-refraction seismic.
Ukuzindla Kokuzamazama Komhlaba
Indlela yokubonakalisa i-seismic iyindlela esetshenziswa kakhulu ekuhloleni i-hydrocarbon. Isimiso esiyisisekelo sale ndlela sihilela ukuthumela amagagasi okuzamazama komhlaba emhlabeni, aphinde abuyele emuva uma efika ezingqimbeni ezinezakhiwo ezihlukile zomzimba. Le datha yokubonakalisa iqoqwa ngabahloli bese icutshungulwa ukuze kukhiqizwe izithombe zomphezulu woMhlaba.
Ukwehlukaniswa Kwesimo Sezwe
Ngokungafani nezindlela zokuzindla, i-seismic refraction isebenzisa amagagasi okuzamazama komhlaba aphinde aphenduke lapho ewela umngcele phakathi kwezingqimba ezimbili ezinejubane lamagagasi ahlukene. Le ndlela ivame ukusetshenziswa ukuhlola izingqimba ezijulile nokulinganisa imingcele ebonakalayo njengejubane lamagagasi okuzamazama komhlaba ngokusebenzisa izinto.
Ubuchwepheshe Bokuzamazama Komhlaba Bokuhlola Amanzi Egesi
Ukusetshenziswa kwezindlela zokuzamazama komhlaba ekuhloleni igesi hydrate sekuthuthuke kakhulu, kunezindlela zobuchwepheshe ezahlukahlukene kanye nokuzivumelanisa nezimo ezilungiselelwe izinselele zemvelo engaphansi kwamanzi. Ezinye zezindlela zobuchwepheshe ezibalulekile ezisetshenziswayo yilezi ezilandelayo:
Ukuzamazama komhlaba kwe-2D kanye ne-3D
– Ukuzamazama komhlaba okungu-2D: Ucwaningo lokuzamazama komhlaba okungu-2D luhilela ukusebenzisa umugqa owodwa noma ngaphezulu wokuzamazama komhlaba ukukhipha ulwazi ngaphansi komhlaba. Ngokuvamile lusetshenziselwa ukuhlola kokuqala futhi lunikeza umbono jikelele wesakhiwo esingaphansi komhlaba.
– Ukuzamazama komhlaba kwe-3D: Ukuze uthole izithombe ezinemininingwane eminingi, izifundo zokuzamazama komhlaba ze-3D zisebenzisa inethiwekhi eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu yama-detector, ekhiqiza izithombe ezinobukhulu obuthathu bomhlaba ongaphansi komhlaba. Ukuzamazama komhlaba kwe-3D kuwusizo kakhulu ekudwebeni okunembile kokusatshalaliswa kwe-gas hydrate.
Ukuhlaziywa kwe-AVO (Ukuphakama Uma kuqhathaniswa ne-Offset)
Ukuhlaziywa kwe-Amplitude vs Offset (AVO) kuyindlela yokuzamazama komhlaba ehlola ukwehluka kwe-reflected wave amplitude maqondana ne-engeli ye-incidence noma ibanga elingaphandle. I-AVO ingasetshenziswa ukuthola kangcono ama-gas hydrate anomalies. I-Methane kuma-gas hydrate ingabangela izinguquko ezibalulekile ezimpahleni ze-acoustic zezinto, ezibonakala ekuthathweni kwe-seismic njenge-AVO anomalies.
Ukuguqulwa Kwesimo Sezwe
Ukuguqulwa kwe-Seismic kuyindlela yokwenza imodeli eguqula idatha yokubonakaliswa kwe-seismic ibe amaphrofayili e-acoustic impedance, angahlotshaniswa nezakhiwo zomzimba neze-petrophysical zaphansi kolwandle oluhlolwayo. Ukuguqulwa kwe-Seismic kuvumela isithombe esicacile sokuba khona kanye nobukhulu be-gas hydrate.
I-BSR (Isibonisi Sokulingisa Esingezansi)
Esinye isibonakaliso esivamile sokuzamazama komhlaba sokuba khona kwama-gas hydrate yi-Bottom Simulating Reflector (BSR). I-BSR iwukubonakaliswa kokuzamazama komhlaba okuhambisana nolwandle futhi ikhombisa umngcele ophansi wendawo eqinile yama-gas hydrate. Lokhu kubonakaliswa kubangelwa ushintsho oluzumayo ezimpahleni zomzimba zangaphansi komhlaba, kusukela endaweni enama-gas hydrate amaningi kuya endaweni engenagesi ngezansi.
Ucwaningo Lwesibonelo: Ukuhlolwa Kwegesi Emanzini Ezindaweni Eziningana
Amanzi Asogwini LwaseJapane
IJapane ingenye yamazwe ahileleke kakhulu ocwaningweni nasekuhloleni igesi. Uhulumeni waseJapan wethule amaphrojekthi amaningana amakhulu okuhlola emanzini ayo asogwini lolwandle. Ukusetshenziswa kwamasu okuzamazama komhlaba e-3D kanye nobuchwepheshe be-AVO kuveze imiphumela ethembisayo, okubonisa ukuba khona kwenani elikhulu legesi e-hydrate.
South China Sea
ULwandle iSouth China luyindawo okugxilwe kuyo ekuhlolweni kwe-gas hydrate. Izifundo zokuzamazama komhlaba ze-2D kanye ne-3D kule ndawo zibone izakhiwo eziningana ezingaba khona eziqukethe i-gas hydrate. Ukubonakaliswa kwe-BSR kuvame kakhulu, okubonisa indawo ebalulekile yokuzinza kwe-gas hydrate kule ndawo.
Izinselele kanye namathemba
Inselele
– Ukujula Nokucindezela: Izindawo lapho kuvame ukutholakala khona ama-gas hydrate zisekujuleni okukhulu ngaphansi kolwandle, lapho izimo zokucindezela kanye nokushisa zingenza kube nzima ukuhlola nokukhipha.
– Isixazululo Sedatha: Nakuba ubuchwepheshe bokuzamazama komhlaba buthuthuke ngokushesha, isixazululo sedatha sisalokhu siyinselele. Imephu enembile nenesisombululo esiphezulu iyadingeka ukuze kuhlolwe kahle.
– Ukuphepha Nemvelo: Ukuqhekeka kwegesi kungaphazamisa ukuzinza kolwandle futhi kudinga izinyathelo zokuphepha ezikhethekile ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha nokuvikelwa kwemvelo.
Ithemba
– Ukuthuthukiswa Kobunjiniyela Bokuzamazama: Ucwaningo oluqhubekayo kanye nentuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe bokuzamazama komhlaba cishe kuzoholela emasu asebenza kahle futhi asebenzayo esikhathini esizayo.
– Ukubambisana Kwamazwe Ngamazwe: Ukubambisana phakathi kwamazwe nezikhungo zocwaningo zomhlaba wonke kuzosheshisa intuthuko ekuhlolweni nasekukhishweni kwegesi.
– Amandla Esikhathi Esizayo: Njengoba imithombo yamandla evamile iya ngokuya incipha, ama-gas hydrate anikeza amandla amakhulu njengendlela ehlukile yamandla esikhathi esizayo engahlangabezana nezidingo zomhlaba wonke.
Isiphetho
Ukusetshenziswa kwezindlela zokuzamazama komhlaba ekuhloleni i-gas hydrate kube negalelo elikhulu ekuqondeni ukuba khona nokusatshalaliswa kwalesi sisetshenziswa samandla ngaphansi kolwandle. Nakuba kusenezinselelo eziningi, intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe kanye nokubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe kulo mkhakha kunikeza amathuba athembisayo kakhulu. Njengomthombo wamandla wesikhathi esizayo, i-gas hydrate ingaba yisihluthulelo sokuhlangabezana nesidingo samandla esikhulayo somhlaba wonke. Ngakho-ke, ukuhlola okwengeziwe kanye nocwaningo kulo mkhakha kubalulekile futhi kuyadingeka.
