Ukusetshenziswa Kwedatha Yesathelayithi Ezindleleni Ze-Geophysical
Ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bokubona kude kwenze idatha yesathelayithi yaba ngomunye wemithombo ebaluleke kakhulu yolwazi ezifundweni ezahlukahlukene zomhlaba. Ku-geophysics—isayensi efunda izakhiwo zomzimba zoMhlaba kanye nezinqubo ezisebenza ngaphakathi kwawo—idatha yesathelayithi ivule izindlela ezintsha zokubuka izenzakalo ngokwesifunda kuya emhlabeni wonke ngokumbozwa okubanzi, ngezikhathi ezithile, kanye nokusebenza kahle. Ngenkathi ucwaningo lwe-geophysical ngaphambili lwaluthembele kakhulu ocwaningweni lwensimu oludla isikhathi futhi olubizayo, idatha yesathelayithi manje ingasebenza njengesengezo ngisho nomhlahlandlela oyinhloko ekuhleleni ucwaningo. Lesi sihloko sixoxa ngendlela idatha yesathelayithi esetshenziswa ngayo ezindleleni ze-geophysical, izinhlobo zedatha evame ukusetshenziswa, kanye nezibonelo zokusetshenziswa kwayo ekuhlolweni kwezinsiza kanye nokunciphisa izinhlekelele.
Indima Yedatha Yesathelayithi Ku-Geophysics
Ngokuvamile, izindlela ze-geophysical zihlose ukumaka amapharamitha angokwenyama njengezinkundla zamandla adonsela phansi, izinkundla zamagnetic, izakhiwo zikagesi, kanye nokuguqulwa kwendawo. Idatha yesathelayithi ivumela ukulinganiswa okungaqondile nokuqondile kwalezi zimingcele ngoba izinzwa zesathelayithi zenzelwe ukubamba izimpawu ze-electromagnetic, izinguquko endaweni yobuso, noma ukuhlukahluka kwezinkundla zamagnetic.
Inzuzo eyinhloko yedatha yesathelayithi ukumbozwa kwayo okubanzi kanye namakhono okuqapha isikhathi sokubuka kabusha. Lokhu kuwusizo kakhulu ekufundeni i-dynamics yoMhlaba njengokushintsha kwepuleti le-tectonic, izinguquko emazingeni angaphansi komhlaba, ukwehla komhlaba, ngisho nezinguquko eqhweni elibandayo. Ngakho-ke, amasathelayithi awasebenzi nje kuphela "njengamakhamera" oMhlaba kodwa futhi njengamathuluzi okulinganisa i-geophysical akwazi ukubamba iziphambeko zesikhathi eside kanye nezitayela.
Izinhlobo Zedatha Yesathelayithi Efanele I-Geophysics
Ukusetshenziswa kwedatha yesathelayithi ku-geophysics kuhlanganisa izinhlobo ezahlukene zezinzwa, ngayinye inemisebenzi ehlukene kanye nemiphumela yedatha.
1. Izithombe Ezibonakalayo Eziningi Neziphezulu Eziphezulu
Izinzwa zokubona ezifana neLandsat, Sentinel-2, kanye neWorldView ziqopha ukukhanya kwelanga okuvela ebusweni boMhlaba ngama-spectral band amaningi. Ku-geophysics, izithombe ze-multispectral zisetshenziselwa ukuhumusha i-geomorphological, imephu ye-surface lithology, ukuhlonza ukuguqulwa kwe-hydrothermal, kanye nemephu yesakhiwo se-geological njengamaphutha kanye nokugoba ngokuhlaziywa kwe-lineament. Idatha ye-Hyperspectral, ngakolunye uhlangothi, inesisombululo esiphezulu se-spectral, esivumela ukuthi ihlonze amaminerali athile ngokusekelwe ezicini zawo ze-spectral.
2. I-Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)
I-SAR iyinzwa esebenzayo ekhipha ama-microwave futhi iqophe ukubonakaliswa kwawo. Inzuzo ye-SAR yikhono layo lokuqopha idatha imini nobusuku futhi ifinyelele emafwini, okwenza kube kuhle kakhulu ezindaweni ezishisayo. Ku-geophysics, i-SAR ivame ukusetshenziselwa ukuhlaziywa kwesimo sendawo, ukuhlonza isakhiwo se-geological, ukushintsha kwemephu yendawo ngenxa yokudilika komhlaba, ukuqhuma, noma izikhukhula, kanye nenqubo ye-InSAR (Interferometric SAR), engathola ukuguquka kwendawo esikalini se-millimeter kuya ku-centimeter.
3. I-Altimetry yesathelayithi
Ama-altimeter esathelayithi alinganisa ukuphakama kolwandle noma komhlaba ngokunemba okukhulu. Idatha ye-altimetry isetshenziswa ku-geophysics yasolwandle ukuze idwebe ngokungaqondile ukushintshashintsha kwe-geoid, imisinga yolwandle, kanye nezakhiwo zomhlaba ongaphansi kolwandle. Imephu ye-bathymetric esekelwe ku-altimetry ibalulekile ekuqondeni isakhiwo se-tectonic sephansi lolwandle esihlotshaniswa nezintaba eziphakathi kolwandle, imisele, kanye nezindawo ezingaphansi.
4. Isathelayithi yamandla adonsela phansi
Imisebenzi efana ne-GRACE kanye ne-GOCE ilinganisa ukwehluka kwensimu yamandla adonsela phansi eMhlabeni. Lokhu kwehluka kuhlobene nokusatshalaliswa kobunzima ngaphakathi koMhlaba kanye nezinguquko kubunzima ebusweni, njengokushintsha kwamanzi agciniwe, iqhwa elincibilikayo, noma izinguquko kubunzima obubangelwa ukuzamazama komhlaba okukhulu. Idatha yamandla adonsela phansi esathelayithi isetshenziselwa izifundo ze-geodynamic, i-hydrology, kanye nokuqapha izinguquko zobunzima besifunda.
5. Idatha yeMagnetic yesathelayithi
Amasathelayithi amagnetic alinganisa ukwehluka kwensimu yamagnetic yoMhlaba evela enkabeni yoMhlaba, ungqimba, kanye ne-ionosphere. Lolu lwazi luwusizo ekudwebeni isakhiwo songqimba, ukuhlonza izindawo ezingavamile zamagnetic ezihlobene namatshe angenalutho, kanye nokufunda i-tectonics yesifunda. Izimo ezingavamile zamagnetic sekuyisikhathi eside ziyizinkomba ezibalulekile ekuhlolweni kwamaminerali athile, ikakhulukazi lawo ahlobene nokwakheka kwamaminerali emadwaleni amakhulu kanye naphezulu.
Ukuhlanganiswa Kwedatha Yesathelayithi Nezindlela Ezivamile Ze-Geophysical
Nakuba idatha yesathelayithi inamandla, ukusetshenziswa kwayo ngokuvamile kusebenza kahle kakhulu uma kuhlanganiswa nezindlela ezivamile ze-geophysical ezifana ne-seismic, i-geoelectric, i-ground magnetic, noma i-ground gravity. Idatha yesathelayithi ingasiza ezigabeni zokuqala zokuhlola ngokuthi:
1. Nquma indawo yokusesha ngokusekelwe esakhiweni sobuso kanye nokuguqulwa.
2. Thola izindawo okunzima ukuzifinyelela ukuze izinhlolovo zasensimini zigxile kakhulu.
3. Nikeza umongo wesifunda wokuhumusha izinto ezingavamile ze-geophysical zendawo.
Isibonelo, ukuhumusha kwemigqa kusuka esithombeni se-optical noma se-SAR kungaqondisa izinhlolovo zamagnetic zomhlaba ukuze kutholakale izakhiwo ezinkulu zamaphutha. Ngokufanayo, idatha ye-InSAR ekhombisa amaphethini okuguquguquka ingaqondisa ukufakwa kweziteshi ze-GPS noma ukukhethwa kwezindlela zokuhlola zokuzamazama komhlaba zezifundo ze-tectonic.
Ukusetshenziswa Kwangempela Ekuhloleni Nasenhlekeleleni
Ukuhlola Amaminerali kanye Nokushisa Kwemvelo
Ekuhloleni amaminerali, izithombe ze-multispectral/hyperspectral zingasetshenziswa ukuthola ushintsho lwe-hydrothermal, okubonisa izinhlelo ze-mineralization. Amaminerali obumba, ama-iron oxides, kanye ne-silica kuvame ukubonisa izimpawu ze-spectral ezihlukile. Idatha ye-satellite magnetic kanye ne-gravity, ngakolunye uhlangothi, isiza ukuqonda uhlaka lwe-tectonic lwesifunda olulawula izindlela zokungena kwe-magma kanye ne-mineralization.
Ngamandla okushisa komhlaba, izakhiwo zamaphutha kanye nokuqhekeka zisebenza njengezindlela eziyinhloko zokujikeleza koketshezi olushisayo. I-SAR kanye nezithombe ezibonakalayo zingabala ukuhambisana kwentaba-mlilo kanye nokwakheka kwayo, kuyilapho i-InSAR ingaqapha ukwehla kwamandla noma ukwehla kwemizimba ye-magma, okuyizinkomba zomsebenzi wesistimu yokushisa komhlaba. Idatha yamandla adonsela phansi nayo inamandla okusiza ekuboneni izinguquko ezinkulu kubuningi boketshezi, yize ukuchazwa kwayo kudinga ukuqapha.
Ukunciphisa Izinhlekelele Zendawo
Ukusetshenziswa kwedatha yesathelayithi kuvelele kakhulu ekuqapheni izinhlekelele. I-InSAR isetshenziswa kabanzi ukukala ukuguquguquka ngaphambi nangemva kokuzamazama komhlaba, ukushintsha kwamaphutha ebalazweni, kanye nokuqapha ukunyakaza kwezintaba-mlilo. Endabeni yokuwa komhlaba ngenxa yokuxhashazwa kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba, i-InSAR inganikeza amamephu anemininingwane yamazinga okuwa komhlaba, okwenza ohulumeni bakwazi ukuklama izinqubomgomo zokuphathwa kwamanzi kanye nokuhlela indawo.
Ukudilika komhlaba kungaqashwa futhi ngezinguquko zesembozo somhlaba, i-digital elevation model (DEM)-based slope gradients, kanye nokutholwa kokuguquguquka okuhamba kancane. Ezindaweni ezisogwini, i-altimetry kanye nezithombe ezibonakalayo kusiza ukuqapha izinguquko zogu lolwandle kanye nokuguquguquka kolwandle okuhlobene nengozi yokuguguleka noma ama-tsunami.
Izinselele kanye nokulinganiselwa
Naphezu kwezinzuzo zayo, idatha yesathelayithi inemikhawulo. Okokuqala, ukuhumusha kwe-geophysical kwedatha yesathelayithi kuvame ukungaqondile, kudinga amamodeli kanye nokuqagela. Okwesibili, izinqumo zendawo nezesikhathi ziyahlukahluka phakathi kwamasathelayithi; akuzona zonke izimo ezingabanjwa kahle ngokulinganayo. Okwesithathu, ukuphazamiseka komoya, izitshalo eziminyene, noma izinguquko kumswakama womhlabathi kungathinta ikhwalithi yedatha ethile, ikakhulukazi kuma-optical sensors kanye nezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-radar. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlanganisa imithombo eminingi yedatha kudinga amakhono okucubungula nokuhlaziya anele, kokubili ngokwesofthiwe kanye nekhono lezinsizakusebenza zabantu.
Isiphetho
Ukusetshenziswa kwedatha yesathelayithi ezindleleni ze-geophysical kuye kwandisa kakhulu ububanzi bokubuka uMhlaba. Kusukela ezithombeni ezibonakalayo zemephu ye-surface geological, i-SAR kanye ne-InSAR yokuguqulwa kobuso kanye nokuguquguquka, kuya kumasathelayithi adonsela phansi kanye namagnetic okutadisha isakhiwo kanye nokusatshalaliswa kobuningi, konke kunegalelo elikhulu ekuhlolweni kwezinsiza kanye nokunciphisa izinhlekelele. Ukuqhubeka phambili, ukuhlanganiswa kwedatha yesathelayithi enesinqumo esiphezulu, ubuhlakani bokwenziwa bokuhumusha, kanye nokuhlanganiswa nezinhlolovo zasensimini kuzoqinisa kakhulu indima yokuzwa kude njengomgogodla wokuhlaziywa kwesimanje kwe-geophysical. Ngesu lokusebenzisa elifanele, idatha yesathelayithi ayisizi nje kuphela ukuqonda uMhlaba kodwa futhi isekela nokwenza izinqumo ezisheshayo nezinembile zokuphepha kanye nokusimama.
