Izindlela Zokuzamazama Komhlaba Nezingezona Ezokuma Komhlaba ku-Geophysics
I-Pengantar
I-Geophysics igatsha lesayensi yomhlaba elifunda izakhiwo zomzimba zoMhlaba kusetshenziswa izindlela zomzimba kanye namasu okuhumusha idatha. Izindlela ze-Geophysical zingahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezimbili eziyinhloko: izindlela zokuzamazama komhlaba kanye nezindlela ezingezona eze-seismic. Indlela ngayinye yalezi zinezinzuzo kanye nokungalungi, kanye nezinhlelo ezithile, kuye ngezimo zasensimini kanye nezinhloso zocwaningo. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola zombili izindlela, sihlole ukuthi zisebenza kanjani kanye nezinhlelo zazo emikhakheni eyahlukene njengokuhlola izinsiza zemvelo, ukunciphisa izinhlekelele, kanye nezifundo ze-geotechnical.
Indlela Yokuzamazama Komhlaba
Izindlela zokuzamazama komhlaba ziyindlela yokufunda ingaphakathi loMhlaba ngokusebenzisa amagagasi anwebekayo akhiqizwa ukuzamazama komhlaba kwemvelo noma imithombo yokwenziwa njengokuqhuma noma ukudlidliza kwemishini. Le ndlela ihilela ukulinganisa isivinini samagagasi, isikhathi sokuhamba, kanye nezinye izici ukuze kuchazwe isakhiwo sendawo engaphansi komhlaba yoMhlaba.
1. Ukuzindla Kokuzamazama Komhlaba
Ukubonakaliswa kwe-Seismic kuyindlela eyinhloko esetshenziswa ekuhloleni i-hydrocarbon. Le ndlela ihilela ukudubula amagagasi okuzamazama komhlaba avela emthonjeni wamandla njenge-explosive encane noma i-vibrator, bese kutholwa amagagasi abuyiselwa emuva ebusweni yizingqimba ezahlukahlukene ze-geological ngaphansi komhlaba. Isikhathi sokuhamba kanye nobukhulu bamagagasi abonakalayo kunganikeza ulwazi oluningiliziwe mayelana nokujula, ukujiya, kanye nezakhiwo zomzimba zangaphansi komhlaba.
Ukuhlaziywa kwedatha yokuzamazama komhlaba okubonakalayo kuvumela izazi ze-geophysicists ukuthi zidale izithombe ze-3D zezakhiwo ezingaphansi komhlaba zoMhlaba, okubalulekile ekunqumeni indawo yokugcina uwoyela negesi, kanye nokuqonda i-geology yendawo.
2. Ukuqhekeka Kwezinto Ezinyakazayo
Ukwehliswa kwe-seismic kusetshenziselwa ukukala ukujula kanye nezici zezingqimba zamadwala angajulile. Ngokungafani nokwehliswa kwe-seismic, le ndlela isebenzisa ukwehliswa kwamagagasi njengoba ehamba endaweni ngesivinini esihlukile. Lokhu kuwusizo kakhulu ekunqumeni ukujula kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba, ukujiya komhlabathi ongaphezulu, kanye nezifundo ze-geotechnical ngaphambi kwamaphrojekthi amakhulu okwakha.
Ukuguqulwa kwesimo sezulu kuvame ukusetshenziswa ocwaningweni lobunjiniyela bezokwakha kanye nezemvelo ukuhlola izimo zomhlaba ngaphambi kokwakhiwa kwemigwaqo, amabhuloho, noma izakhiwo ezinde. Kungasetshenziswa futhi ukuhlola izingqimba zamadwala ezingase zibe zizinzile noma zingazinzi endaweni yesakhiwo esithile.
Izindlela Ezingezona Ezokuzamazama Komhlaba
Ngaphandle kwezindlela zokuzamazama komhlaba, kunezindlela ezingezona eze-seismic ezinikeza izindlela ezahlukene zokufunda ngaphansi komhlaba woMhlaba. Lezi zindlela zifaka phakathi izindlela ze-electromagnetic, gravitational, magnetic, geoelectric, kanye ne-georadar (GPR).
1. Amandla adonsela phansi
Indlela yamandla adonsela phansi ihilela ukulinganisa ukwehluka kwamandla adonsela phansi ebusweni boMhlaba okubangelwa ukwehluka kobuningi bamadwala angaphansi komhlaba. Ithuluzi elisetshenziswa ukukala lokhu libizwa ngokuthi i-gravimeter. Le ndlela iwusizo kakhulu ekudwebeni izakhiwo ezinkulu njengezitsha ze-sedimentary, amaphutha, kanye nama-salt domes.
Ukuhlaziywa kwamandla adonsela phansi kuvame ukusetshenziswa ekuhlolweni kwamaminerali nama-hydrocarbon, kanye nasezifundweni eziyisisekelo ze-geological ezifana nokumaka izibazi zomthelela we-meteorite noma ukuqonda isakhiwo samapuleti e-tectonic.
2. Umagnetic
Indlela yamagnetic ibala ukushintshashintsha kwensimu yamagnetic yoMhlaba okubangelwa izinguquko ezimpahleni zamagnetic zamatshe angaphansi komhlaba. Lezi zilinganiso zenziwa kusetshenziswa i-magnetometer, ethola izinguquko ezincane ensimini yamagnetic yoMhlaba. Lokhu kusiza kakhulu ekuhloleni amaminerali, ikakhulukazi ekutholeni izinsimbi zamagnetic ezifana ne-iron ore kanye ne-nickel.
Izindlela zikagesi zisetshenziswa kakhulu ezifundweni zemivubukulo ukuthola izindawo zasendulo ezingcwatshwe phansi kanye nokuthola izinto zensimbi ezifakwe emhlabathini.
3. I-Electromagnetic (EM)
Izindlela ze-electromagnetic zihilela ukulinganisa impendulo yoMhlaba ezinkundleni ze-electromagnetic zokwenziwa noma zemvelo. Amasu adumile kulesi sigaba afaka phakathi izindlela ze-time-domain electromagnetic (TDEM) kanye nezindlela ze-frequency-domain electromagnetic (FDEM). Lezi ziwusizo kakhulu ekudwebeni izinhlobo zenhlabathi, ekufuneni amanzi angaphansi komhlaba, nasekutholeni ukungcola kwemvelo.
Amasu kagesi avumela izazi ze-geophysicists ukuthi zikwazi ukudweba izinguquko ezakhiweni zikagesi zangaphansi komhlaba, okubaluleke kakhulu ekuhloleni izakhiwo ze-geological kanye nasekuhlolweni kwemithombo yemvelo kanye nezifundo ze-hydrogeological.
4. I-Geoelectric (Ukumelana)
Indlela yokumelana ihilela ukulinganisa ukumelana kukagesi kwezinto ezahlukahlukene ngaphansi kobuso boMhlaba ngokufaka ugesi emhlabathini bese ulinganisa umehluko ongaba khona. Le ndlela iwusizo kakhulu ekufuneni amanzi angaphansi komhlaba, izifundo zemvelo, kanye nezifundo ze-geotechnical.
Ukumelana nokwakheka komhlaba kuvame ukusetshenziswa ekudwebeni kwezingqimba zomhlabathi kubunjiniyela bezezakhiwo kanye nokuthola izingqimba zokungcola ezinhlolovo zemvelo. Lokhu kuvumela ochwepheshe ukuthi bahlole ikhwalithi kanye nobuningi bamanzi angaphansi komhlaba kanye nokuqonda izakhiwo zomzimba zomhlabathi kanye nedwala.
5. I-Radar Engena Emhlabathini (GPR)
I-Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) iyindlela ye-geophysical engabhubhisi esebenzisa amaza e-radar ukudweba izakhiwo ezingaphansi komhlaba. I-GPR ithumela izimpawu ze-radar emhlabathini futhi ibona ukubonakaliswa kwezinto ezingaphansi komhlaba kanye nezinguquko ezintweni.
I-GPR iwusizo kakhulu ezifundweni zemivubukulo, ekutholakaleni kwezinsizakusebenza ngaphansi komhlaba, ekuphenyweni kwesakhiwo semigwaqo, kanye nasekusetshenzisweni okuhlukahlukene kwesayensi yezemvelo kanye ne-hydrology.
Isiphetho
Zombili izindlela zokuzamazama komhlaba kanye nezindlela ezingezona eze-seismic zidlala indima ebalulekile ezifundweni nasezicelo ezahlukahlukene ze-geophysical. Izindlela ze-seismic, okuhlanganisa i-reflection kanye ne-refraction seismic, zidlala indima ebalulekile ekuhlolweni kwe-hydrocarbon kanye nezifundo ze-geotechnical. Okwamanje, izindlela ezingezona eze-seismic—njengokudonsa phansi, i-magnetic, i-electromagnetic, i-georesistivity, kanye ne-GPR—zinikeza amathuluzi awusizo ocwaningo oluhlukahlukene lwe-geophysical, okuhlanganisa ukuhlola amaminerali, izifundo zemvelo, kanye nocwaningo lwemivubukulo.
Ezimweni eziningi, inhlanganisela yezindlela eziningana ze-geophysical inikeza isithombe esibanzi sesakhiwo kanye nezakhiwo zomhlaba ongaphansi komhlaba. Ukukhetha indlela engcono kakhulu kuncike ezinhlosweni ezithile zocwaningo, izimo ze-geological zendawo, kanye nezici ezahlukene zobuchwepheshe nezomnotho. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe kanye nezindlela zokuhumusha idatha ziqhubeka zithuthuka, i-geophysics izoqhubeka nokuba yinsika ebalulekile yokuhlola uMhlaba kanye nemizamo yokuqonda ukuguquguquka kweplanethi.
