Umqondo we-Anisotropy ekuhloleni kwe-Seismic
I-Pendahuluan
Ukuhlola i-Seismic kuyindlela eyinhloko esetshenziswa embonini kawoyela negesi ukuthola ulwazi mayelana nesakhiwo se-geological ngaphansi kobuso boMhlaba. Ngokuchaza amagagasi e-seismic adlula ezingqimbeni ezingaphansi komhlaba, izazi ze-geophysicists zingabala imephu yokuma komhlaba futhi zibone izindawo ezingaba khona ze-hydrocarbon. Kulesi simo, i-seismic anisotropy ingumqondo obalulekile. I-Seismic anisotropy ibhekisela ekushintsheni kwejubane lamagagasi e-seismic kuye ngokuthi ukusabalala kuqondiswe kanjani. Lo mqondo ubalulekile ngoba unikeza ukuqonda okujulile nokunembile ngezakhiwo zomzimba kanye nesakhiwo samadwala angaphansi komhlaba.
Incazelo ye-Seismic Anisotropy
Ku-geophysics, i-anisotropy iyimpahla ebonakalayo ebangela amagagasi okuzamazama komhlaba ukuba ahambe ngesivinini esihlukile lapho edlula ezintweni ngezindlela ezihlukene. Ezweni langempela, amatshe amaningi awafani futhi awawona a-isotropic, okwenza i-anisotropy ibe yinto evamile. Izinhlobo eziningana ze-anisotropy zivame ukuxoxwa ngazo ekuhloleni i-seismics: i-vertical anisotropy (VTI), i-horizontal anisotropy (HTI), kanye ne-tilted anisotropy (TTI).
I-Anisotropy Eqondile (VTI)
I-VTI yenzeka lapho ijubane lamagagasi okuzamazama komhlaba lishintsha ngokuya ngqo. Lolu hlobo lwe-anisotropy luvame kakhulu ezindaweni ezigcwele noma emadwaleni abonisa umbhede ovundlile ohambisanayo endaweni ebekwe kuyo. Ijubane lamagagasi e-P (amagagasi ayinhloko) kanye namagagasi e-S (amagagasi okugunda) lingahluka kakhulu kuye ngokuthi asakazeka ngokulingana noma ngokuqondene nombhede.
I-Anisotropy Evundlile (HTI)
I-HTI ivame ukutholakala emadwaleni aqhekekile noma aqhekekile ngokuvundlile. Kulezi zindawo, ijubane lamagagasi okuzamazama komhlaba liyashintsha ngokuvundlile, ngokuvamile ngenxa yokuba khona kokuqhekeka okuqondiswe ohlangothini noma imifantu. Lo mqondo uhlobene kakhulu ne-reservoir geology, evame ukubonisa ukungafani okuphezulu.
I-Tilted Anisotropy (TTI)
I-TTI uhlobo lwe-anisotropy oluvela lapho izingqimba zamatshe zingaqondile ngokuvundlile noma ngokuma, kodwa zitsheke nge-engeli. Lokhu kungenzeka ezindaweni ezisebenzayo ze-tectonic, lapho amandla e-geological ebangela ukugoqa nokutsheka kwezingqimba ze-sedimentary.
Izimbangela ze-Anisotropy
Isakhiwo Sedwala
Amatshe acindezelwe futhi aguqukile avame ukubonisa i-anisotropy, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinemilando ye-geologic eyinkimbinkimbi. Isibonelo ukwakheka kwama-shale anezingqimba, aqoshiwe kahle, okuyimbangela evamile ye-VTI anisotropy.
Imifantu kanye nokuqhekeka
Ukuqhekeka okuqondisiwe kanye nokuqhekeka kunikeza impendulo ku-anisotropy ye-HTI. Ukuba khona kwalokhu kuqhekeka kubalulekile ekunqumeni izakhiwo zemishini zamatshe, kanye nekhono lawo lokugcina nokudlulisa uketshezi olufana namafutha negesi.
Izinguquko Ekubunjweni Kwamaminerali
Izinguquko ekubunjweni kwamaminerali kanye nokuma kwekristalu ngaphakathi kwamadwala nazo zingabangela i-anisotropy. Amaminerali athile, njenge-mica noma i-amphibole, anezindlela ezikhethekile zekristalu, angavumela umehluko ekushiseni kwamagagasi okuzamazama komhlaba ngezindlela ezahlukene.
Izindlela Zokulinganisa Nokuhumusha i-Anisotropy
Ucwaningo Lokuzamazama Kwe-3D kanye ne-4D
Ucwaningo lwesimanje lokuzamazama komhlaba lusebenzisa amasu e-3D ngisho ne-4D ukuthola isithombe esinembile se-anisotropy engaphansi komhlaba. Idatha etholakala kulezi zinhlolovo ivame ukucutshungulwa ngokusebenzisa ama-algorithms ekhompyutha ayinkimbinkimbi ukuze kutholakale futhi kuhunyushwe kangcono i-anisotropy.
Indlela ye-AVO (Ukwehluka kwe-Amplitude nge-Offset)
Indlela ye-AVO iyindlela yokuhlaziya esetshenziselwa ukuhlonza izakhiwo zokubonakalisa zamagagasi okuzamazama komhlaba. Ngokutadisha ukuhlukahluka kobukhulu bamagagasi okuzamazama komhlaba emabangeni ahlukene noma ezindaweni ezihlukile, izazi ze-geophysicists zingahlonza ukuba khona kwe-anisotropy bese ziyimodela ngokuningiliziwe.
Ukumodela Kwamanani kanye Nokuguqulwa Kwe-Seismic
Ukumodela ngezinombolo kanye nokuguqulwa kwe-seismic kuyizindlela ezimbili ezisetshenziswa ukuhumusha idatha ye-seismic kumongo we-anisotropy. Ekumodeleni ngezinombolo, izazi ze-geophysicists zakha amamodeli ekhompyutha ezakhiwo ezingaphansi komhlaba futhi zibikezela ukuthi amagagasi e-seismic azosakazeka kanjani ngawo. Ukuguqulwa kwe-seismic kuphambene nalokho, lapho idatha yangempela ye-seismic isetshenziswa ukwakha amamodeli ezakhiwo ezingaphansi komhlaba.
Izicelo Embonini Kawoyela Negesi
I-Anisotropy ekuhloleni i-seismic inezicelo eziningana ezibalulekile embonini kawoyela negesi. Okokuqala, ukuqonda kangcono i-anisotropy kungasiza ekuhlonzeni nasekuchazeni izindawo zokugcina amanzi ezinembe kakhudlwana. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukunquma indawo kanye nobukhulu bokuqhekeka kanye nokuqhekeka kwamanzi, okungakhulisa umkhiqizo wamanzi okugcina amanzi. Okwesibili, i-anisotropy ingasiza ekwakhiweni nasekusetshenzisweni kwamasu okubhoboza asebenza kahle ngokunciphisa ubungozi kanye nokungaqiniseki. Okwesithathu, ukusetshenziswa kwe-anisotropy kunganciphisa imiphumela yemvelo futhi kuthuthukise ukusebenza kahle ngokusebenzisa indlela engcono kanye nokwenza ngcono ukukhiqiza.
Izinselele Nekusasa
Nakuba umqondo we-anisotropy yokuzamazama komhlaba unikeza izinzuzo eziningi, izinselele eziningana kumele zinqotshwe. Okokuqala, ukulinganiswa kwe-anisotropy kudinga ukunemba okuphezulu kakhulu kwedatha yokuzamazama komhlaba, okuyinto enzima ngezinye izikhathi ukuyifinyelela ngaphansi kwezimo zensimu eziguquguqukayo. Okwesibili, ukumodelwa kanye nokuhlaziywa kwe-anisotropy kudinga ukuqonda okujulile kwe-geology yendawo futhi kuvame ukudinga izinsiza ezibalulekile zokubala. Okwesithathu, ukuhlanganisa idatha evela emithonjeni eminingi (isb., i-seismic, izingodo zemithombo, ulwazi lwe-geological) kungaba yinkimbinkimbi futhi kudinga amasu okuhlaziya idatha ayinkimbinkimbi.
Kodwa-ke, ngokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe obusha nezindlela, kokubili ekutholeni nasekucubunguleni idatha, ikusasa le-anisotropy yokuzamazama komhlaba ekuhlolweni kukawoyela negesi libonakala liqhakazile. Ukusetshenziswa kwama-algorithms okufunda komshini kanye nobuhlakani bokwenziwa ukuhlaziya idatha eyinkimbinkimbi yokuzamazama komhlaba kuthuthukisa kakhulu ukunemba nokusebenza kahle kokuhlonza i-anisotropy. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukubambisana kwemikhakha ehlukene phakathi kososayensi be-geophysicists, onjiniyela, kanye nososayensi bedatha kuvula indlela yezindlela ezintsha zokuqonda nokusebenzisa i-anisotropy embonini yamandla.
Isiphetho
I-Anisotropy ingumqondo obalulekile ekuhloleni i-seismics, enikeza ukuqonda okujulile ngesakhiwo kanye nezakhiwo zomzimba zamadwala angaphansi komhlaba. Ukuqonda nokuhumusha i-anisotropy ye-seismic kunganikeza ulwazi olunembile kakhulu futhi kwandise ukusebenza kahle ekuhlolweni kwe-oyili negesi kanye nemizamo yokukhiqiza. Naphezu kwezinselele zokulinganisa nokuhlaziya i-anisotropy, ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe obusha kanye nezindlela kuyaqhubeka nokuvula indlela yokuqonda okungcono kanye nokusetshenziswa embonini yamandla. Ngakho-ke, i-anisotropy ye-seismic akuyona nje ithuluzi lokuhlaziya kodwa futhi iyisihluthulelo samasu ekubhekaneni nezinselele zokuhlola nokukhiqiza eziyinkimbinkimbi zesikhathi sanamuhla.
